Comparative Measurements and Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C+α-Cy (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0)
In this paper, the frequency-temperature dependence of the conductivity and dielectric permittivity of nc-Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>C+α-C<i><sub>y</sub></i> (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤...
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2022-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/22/7908 |
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| author | Paweł Żukowski Piotr Gałaszkiewicz Vitali Bondariev Paweł Okal Alexander Pogrebnjak Anatolyi Kupchishin Anatolyi Ruban Maksym Pogorielov Tomasz N. Kołtunowicz |
| author_facet | Paweł Żukowski Piotr Gałaszkiewicz Vitali Bondariev Paweł Okal Alexander Pogrebnjak Anatolyi Kupchishin Anatolyi Ruban Maksym Pogorielov Tomasz N. Kołtunowicz |
| author_sort | Paweł Żukowski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, the frequency-temperature dependence of the conductivity and dielectric permittivity of nc-Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>C+α-C<i><sub>y</sub></i> (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0) nanocomposites produced by dual-source magnetron sputtering was determined. The films produced are biphasic layers with an excess of amorphous carbon relative to the stoichiometric composition of Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C. The matrix was amorphous carbon, and the dispersed phase was carbide nanoparticles. AC measurements were performed in the frequency range of 50 Hz–5 MHz at temperatures from 20 K to 373 K. It was found that both conductivity and permittivity relationships are determined by three tunneling mechanisms, differing in relaxation times. The maxima in the low- and high-frequency regions decrease with increasing temperature. The maximum in the mid-frequency region increases with increasing temperature. The low-frequency maximum is due to electron tunneling between the carbon films on the surface of the carbide nanoshells. The mid-frequency maximum is due to electron transitions between the nano size grains. The high-frequency maximum is associated with tunneling between the nano-grains and the carbon shells. It has been established that dipole relaxation occurs in the nanocomposites according to the Cole-Cole mechanism. The increase in static dielectric permittivity with increasing measurement temperature is indicative of a step polarisation mechanism. In the frequency region above 1 MHz, anomalous dispersion—an increase in permittivity with increasing frequency—was observed for all nanocomposite contents. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:12:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8e57f747cc2648f1b78708b78a14547e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:12:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-8e57f747cc2648f1b78708b78a14547e2023-11-24T09:00:55ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-11-011522790810.3390/ma15227908Comparative Measurements and Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C+α-Cy (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0)Paweł Żukowski0Piotr Gałaszkiewicz1Vitali Bondariev2Paweł Okal3Alexander Pogrebnjak4Anatolyi Kupchishin5Anatolyi Ruban6Maksym Pogorielov7Tomasz N. Kołtunowicz8Department of Electrical Devices and High Voltage Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 38A, Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Electrical Devices and High Voltage Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 38A, Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Electrical Devices and High Voltage Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 38A, Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Electrical Devices and High Voltage Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 38A, Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Nanoelectronics and Surface Modification, Sumy State University, 2, R-Korsakov Str., 40007 Sumy, UkrainePhysico-Technological Center, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, 13, Dostyk Ave., Almaty 050010, KazakhstanDepartment of Nanoelectronics and Surface Modification, Sumy State University, 2, R-Korsakov Str., 40007 Sumy, UkraineMedical Institute, Sumy State University, 31, Sanatornaya Str., 40018 Sumy, UkraineDepartment of Electrical Devices and High Voltage Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 38A, Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, PolandIn this paper, the frequency-temperature dependence of the conductivity and dielectric permittivity of nc-Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>C+α-C<i><sub>y</sub></i> (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0) nanocomposites produced by dual-source magnetron sputtering was determined. The films produced are biphasic layers with an excess of amorphous carbon relative to the stoichiometric composition of Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C. The matrix was amorphous carbon, and the dispersed phase was carbide nanoparticles. AC measurements were performed in the frequency range of 50 Hz–5 MHz at temperatures from 20 K to 373 K. It was found that both conductivity and permittivity relationships are determined by three tunneling mechanisms, differing in relaxation times. The maxima in the low- and high-frequency regions decrease with increasing temperature. The maximum in the mid-frequency region increases with increasing temperature. The low-frequency maximum is due to electron tunneling between the carbon films on the surface of the carbide nanoshells. The mid-frequency maximum is due to electron transitions between the nano size grains. The high-frequency maximum is associated with tunneling between the nano-grains and the carbon shells. It has been established that dipole relaxation occurs in the nanocomposites according to the Cole-Cole mechanism. The increase in static dielectric permittivity with increasing measurement temperature is indicative of a step polarisation mechanism. In the frequency region above 1 MHz, anomalous dispersion—an increase in permittivity with increasing frequency—was observed for all nanocomposite contents.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/22/7908nanocompositecarbidesconductivitypermittivitytunelingfrequency |
| spellingShingle | Paweł Żukowski Piotr Gałaszkiewicz Vitali Bondariev Paweł Okal Alexander Pogrebnjak Anatolyi Kupchishin Anatolyi Ruban Maksym Pogorielov Tomasz N. Kołtunowicz Comparative Measurements and Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C+α-Cy (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0) Materials nanocomposite carbides conductivity permittivity tuneling frequency |
| title | Comparative Measurements and Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C+α-Cy (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0) |
| title_full | Comparative Measurements and Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C+α-Cy (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0) |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Measurements and Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C+α-Cy (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Measurements and Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C+α-Cy (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0) |
| title_short | Comparative Measurements and Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Nanocomposites Ti<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>C+α-Cy (0.0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1.0) |
| title_sort | comparative measurements and analysis of the electrical properties of nanocomposites ti i sub x sub i zr sub 1 i x i sub c α cy 0 0 ≤ i x i ≤ 1 0 |
| topic | nanocomposite carbides conductivity permittivity tuneling frequency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/22/7908 |
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