Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve
IntroductionSeveral lifestyle factors promote protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD) throughout a person's lifespan. Although such protective effects have been described for occupational cognitive requirements (OCR) in midlife, it is currently unknown whether they are conveyed by brai...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957308/full |
| _version_ | 1828118512717004800 |
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| author | Luca Kleineidam Luca Kleineidam Steffen Wolfsgruber Anne-Sophie Weyrauch Linn E. Zulka Linn E. Zulka Simon Forstmeier Sandra Roeske Hendrik van den Bussche Hanna Kaduszkiewicz Hanna Kaduszkiewicz Birgitt Wiese Siegfried Weyerer Jochen Werle Angela Fuchs Michael Pentzek Christian Brettschneider Hans-Helmut König Dagmar Weeg Horst Bickel Melanie Luppa Francisca S. Rodriguez Francisca S. Rodriguez Silka Dawn Freiesleben Silka Dawn Freiesleben Silka Dawn Freiesleben Selin Erdogan Selin Erdogan Selin Erdogan Chantal Unterfeld Chantal Unterfeld Oliver Peters Oliver Peters Oliver Peters Eike J. Spruth Eike J. Spruth Slawek Altenstein Slawek Altenstein Andrea Lohse Josef Priller Josef Priller Josef Priller Josef Priller Klaus Fliessbach Klaus Fliessbach Xenia Kobeleva Anja Schneider Anja Schneider Claudia Bartels Björn H. Schott Björn H. Schott Björn H. Schott Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Franziska Maier Wenzel Glanz Enise I. Incesoy Enise I. Incesoy Michaela Butryn Emrah Düzel Emrah Düzel Katharina Buerger Katharina Buerger Daniel Janowitz Michael Ewers Michael Ewers Boris-Stephan Rauchmann Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Ingo Kilimann Ingo Kilimann Doreen Görß Stefan Teipel Stefan Teipel Christoph Laske Christoph Laske Matthias H. J. Munk Matthias H. J. Munk Annika Spottke Annika Spottke Nina Roy Frederic Brosseron Michael T. Heneka Michael T. Heneka Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Renat Yakupov Martin Scherer Wolfgang Maier Frank Jessen Frank Jessen Frank Jessen Steffi G. Riedel-Heller Michael Wagner Michael Wagner |
| author_facet | Luca Kleineidam Luca Kleineidam Steffen Wolfsgruber Anne-Sophie Weyrauch Linn E. Zulka Linn E. Zulka Simon Forstmeier Sandra Roeske Hendrik van den Bussche Hanna Kaduszkiewicz Hanna Kaduszkiewicz Birgitt Wiese Siegfried Weyerer Jochen Werle Angela Fuchs Michael Pentzek Christian Brettschneider Hans-Helmut König Dagmar Weeg Horst Bickel Melanie Luppa Francisca S. Rodriguez Francisca S. Rodriguez Silka Dawn Freiesleben Silka Dawn Freiesleben Silka Dawn Freiesleben Selin Erdogan Selin Erdogan Selin Erdogan Chantal Unterfeld Chantal Unterfeld Oliver Peters Oliver Peters Oliver Peters Eike J. Spruth Eike J. Spruth Slawek Altenstein Slawek Altenstein Andrea Lohse Josef Priller Josef Priller Josef Priller Josef Priller Klaus Fliessbach Klaus Fliessbach Xenia Kobeleva Anja Schneider Anja Schneider Claudia Bartels Björn H. Schott Björn H. Schott Björn H. Schott Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Franziska Maier Wenzel Glanz Enise I. Incesoy Enise I. Incesoy Michaela Butryn Emrah Düzel Emrah Düzel Katharina Buerger Katharina Buerger Daniel Janowitz Michael Ewers Michael Ewers Boris-Stephan Rauchmann Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Ingo Kilimann Ingo Kilimann Doreen Görß Stefan Teipel Stefan Teipel Christoph Laske Christoph Laske Matthias H. J. Munk Matthias H. J. Munk Annika Spottke Annika Spottke Nina Roy Frederic Brosseron Michael T. Heneka Michael T. Heneka Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Renat Yakupov Martin Scherer Wolfgang Maier Frank Jessen Frank Jessen Frank Jessen Steffi G. Riedel-Heller Michael Wagner Michael Wagner |
| author_sort | Luca Kleineidam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionSeveral lifestyle factors promote protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD) throughout a person's lifespan. Although such protective effects have been described for occupational cognitive requirements (OCR) in midlife, it is currently unknown whether they are conveyed by brain maintenance (BM), brain reserve (BR), or cognitive reserve (CR) or a combination of them.MethodsWe systematically derived hypotheses for these resilience concepts and tested them in the population-based AgeCoDe cohort and memory clinic-based AD high-risk DELCODE study. The OCR score (OCRS) was measured using job activities based on the O*NET occupational classification system. Four sets of analyses were conducted: (1) the interaction of OCR and APOE-ε4 with regard to cognitive decline (N = 2,369, AgeCoDe), (2) association with differentially shaped retrospective trajectories before the onset of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT; N = 474, AgeCoDe), (3) cross-sectional interaction of the OCR and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and brain structural measures regarding memory function (N = 873, DELCODE), and (4) cross-sectional and longitudinal association of OCR with CSF AD biomarkers and brain structural measures (N = 873, DELCODE).ResultsRegarding (1), higher OCRS was associated with a reduced association of APOE-ε4 with cognitive decline (mean follow-up = 6.03 years), consistent with CR and BR. Regarding (2), high OCRS was associated with a later onset but subsequently stronger cognitive decline in individuals converting to DAT, consistent with CR. Regarding (3), higher OCRS was associated with a weaker association of the CSF Aβ42/40 ratio and hippocampal volume with memory function, consistent with CR. Regarding (4), OCR was not associated with the levels or changes in CSF AD biomarkers (mean follow-up = 2.61 years). We found a cross-sectional, age-independent association of OCRS with some MRI markers, but no association with 1-year-change. OCR was not associated with the intracranial volume. These results are not completely consistent with those of BR or BM.DiscussionOur results support the link between OCR and CR. Promoting and seeking complex and stimulating work conditions in midlife could therefore contribute to increased resistance to pathologies in old age and might complement prevention measures aimed at reducing pathology. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:33:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8e6d27b121764c2eb9ec27f69a07c34d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:33:25Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-8e6d27b121764c2eb9ec27f69a07c34d2022-12-22T04:21:43ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782022-12-011310.3389/fpsyg.2022.957308957308Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserveLuca Kleineidam0Luca Kleineidam1Steffen Wolfsgruber2Anne-Sophie Weyrauch3Linn E. Zulka4Linn E. Zulka5Simon Forstmeier6Sandra Roeske7Hendrik van den Bussche8Hanna Kaduszkiewicz9Hanna Kaduszkiewicz10Birgitt Wiese11Siegfried Weyerer12Jochen Werle13Angela Fuchs14Michael Pentzek15Christian Brettschneider16Hans-Helmut König17Dagmar Weeg18Horst Bickel19Melanie Luppa20Francisca S. Rodriguez21Francisca S. Rodriguez22Silka Dawn Freiesleben23Silka Dawn Freiesleben24Silka Dawn Freiesleben25Selin Erdogan26Selin Erdogan27Selin Erdogan28Chantal Unterfeld29Chantal Unterfeld30Oliver Peters31Oliver Peters32Oliver Peters33Eike J. Spruth34Eike J. Spruth35Slawek Altenstein36Slawek Altenstein37Andrea Lohse38Josef Priller39Josef Priller40Josef Priller41Josef Priller42Klaus Fliessbach43Klaus Fliessbach44Xenia Kobeleva45Anja Schneider46Anja Schneider47Claudia Bartels48Björn H. Schott49Björn H. Schott50Björn H. Schott51Jens Wiltfang52Jens Wiltfang53Jens Wiltfang54Franziska Maier55Wenzel Glanz56Enise I. Incesoy57Enise I. Incesoy58Michaela Butryn59Emrah Düzel60Emrah Düzel61Katharina Buerger62Katharina Buerger63Daniel Janowitz64Michael Ewers65Michael Ewers66Boris-Stephan Rauchmann67Robert Perneczky68Robert Perneczky69Robert Perneczky70Robert Perneczky71Robert Perneczky72Ingo Kilimann73Ingo Kilimann74Doreen Görß75Stefan Teipel76Stefan Teipel77Christoph Laske78Christoph Laske79Matthias H. J. Munk80Matthias H. J. Munk81Annika Spottke82Annika Spottke83Nina Roy84Frederic Brosseron85Michael T. Heneka86Michael T. Heneka87Alfredo Ramirez88Alfredo Ramirez89Alfredo Ramirez90Alfredo Ramirez91Alfredo Ramirez92Renat Yakupov93Martin Scherer94Wolfgang Maier95Frank Jessen96Frank Jessen97Frank Jessen98Steffi G. Riedel-Heller99Michael Wagner100Michael Wagner101Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Psychology and Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDevelopmental Psychology and Clinical Psychology of the Lifespan, University of Siegen, Siegen, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyMedical Faculty, Institute of General Practice, University of Kiel, Kiel, GermanyCenter for Information Management, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, GermanyMedical Faculty, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyMedical Faculty, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GermanyMedical Faculty, Centre for Health and Society (CHS), Institute of General Practice (ifam), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedical Faculty, Centre for Health and Society (CHS), Institute of General Practice (ifam), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany0Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany0Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany2Medical Faculty, Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany2Medical Faculty, Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany4Department of Psychiatry, Campus Berlin-Buch, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany5Memory Clinic and Dementia Prevention Center, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany4Department of Psychiatry, Campus Berlin-Buch, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany5Memory Clinic and Dementia Prevention Center, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany6Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany4Department of Psychiatry, Campus Berlin-Buch, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany5Memory Clinic and Dementia Prevention Center, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany7Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany7Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany7Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany7Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany8University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, United KingdomDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany0German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany1Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany0German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany2Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal3Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany5Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany5Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany6German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany7Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany7Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany6German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany7Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany8Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany6German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany8Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany9Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany0Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom1Sheeld Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheeld, Sheeld, United Kingdom2German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany3Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany3Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany2German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany3Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany5Section for Dementia Research, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany6Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany7Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany8Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany9Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany0Department of Psychiatry and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, United States4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, GermanyDepartment of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany3Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany8Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany2Medical Faculty, Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, GermanyIntroductionSeveral lifestyle factors promote protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD) throughout a person's lifespan. Although such protective effects have been described for occupational cognitive requirements (OCR) in midlife, it is currently unknown whether they are conveyed by brain maintenance (BM), brain reserve (BR), or cognitive reserve (CR) or a combination of them.MethodsWe systematically derived hypotheses for these resilience concepts and tested them in the population-based AgeCoDe cohort and memory clinic-based AD high-risk DELCODE study. The OCR score (OCRS) was measured using job activities based on the O*NET occupational classification system. Four sets of analyses were conducted: (1) the interaction of OCR and APOE-ε4 with regard to cognitive decline (N = 2,369, AgeCoDe), (2) association with differentially shaped retrospective trajectories before the onset of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT; N = 474, AgeCoDe), (3) cross-sectional interaction of the OCR and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and brain structural measures regarding memory function (N = 873, DELCODE), and (4) cross-sectional and longitudinal association of OCR with CSF AD biomarkers and brain structural measures (N = 873, DELCODE).ResultsRegarding (1), higher OCRS was associated with a reduced association of APOE-ε4 with cognitive decline (mean follow-up = 6.03 years), consistent with CR and BR. Regarding (2), high OCRS was associated with a later onset but subsequently stronger cognitive decline in individuals converting to DAT, consistent with CR. Regarding (3), higher OCRS was associated with a weaker association of the CSF Aβ42/40 ratio and hippocampal volume with memory function, consistent with CR. Regarding (4), OCR was not associated with the levels or changes in CSF AD biomarkers (mean follow-up = 2.61 years). We found a cross-sectional, age-independent association of OCRS with some MRI markers, but no association with 1-year-change. OCR was not associated with the intracranial volume. These results are not completely consistent with those of BR or BM.DiscussionOur results support the link between OCR and CR. Promoting and seeking complex and stimulating work conditions in midlife could therefore contribute to increased resistance to pathologies in old age and might complement prevention measures aimed at reducing pathology.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957308/fullcognitive reservebrain maintenancebrain reservemid-life cognitive demandsAlzheimer's diseaseoccupation |
| spellingShingle | Luca Kleineidam Luca Kleineidam Steffen Wolfsgruber Anne-Sophie Weyrauch Linn E. Zulka Linn E. Zulka Simon Forstmeier Sandra Roeske Hendrik van den Bussche Hanna Kaduszkiewicz Hanna Kaduszkiewicz Birgitt Wiese Siegfried Weyerer Jochen Werle Angela Fuchs Michael Pentzek Christian Brettschneider Hans-Helmut König Dagmar Weeg Horst Bickel Melanie Luppa Francisca S. Rodriguez Francisca S. Rodriguez Silka Dawn Freiesleben Silka Dawn Freiesleben Silka Dawn Freiesleben Selin Erdogan Selin Erdogan Selin Erdogan Chantal Unterfeld Chantal Unterfeld Oliver Peters Oliver Peters Oliver Peters Eike J. Spruth Eike J. Spruth Slawek Altenstein Slawek Altenstein Andrea Lohse Josef Priller Josef Priller Josef Priller Josef Priller Klaus Fliessbach Klaus Fliessbach Xenia Kobeleva Anja Schneider Anja Schneider Claudia Bartels Björn H. Schott Björn H. Schott Björn H. Schott Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Franziska Maier Wenzel Glanz Enise I. Incesoy Enise I. Incesoy Michaela Butryn Emrah Düzel Emrah Düzel Katharina Buerger Katharina Buerger Daniel Janowitz Michael Ewers Michael Ewers Boris-Stephan Rauchmann Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Robert Perneczky Ingo Kilimann Ingo Kilimann Doreen Görß Stefan Teipel Stefan Teipel Christoph Laske Christoph Laske Matthias H. J. Munk Matthias H. J. Munk Annika Spottke Annika Spottke Nina Roy Frederic Brosseron Michael T. Heneka Michael T. Heneka Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Alfredo Ramirez Renat Yakupov Martin Scherer Wolfgang Maier Frank Jessen Frank Jessen Frank Jessen Steffi G. Riedel-Heller Michael Wagner Michael Wagner Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve Frontiers in Psychology cognitive reserve brain maintenance brain reserve mid-life cognitive demands Alzheimer's disease occupation |
| title | Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve |
| title_full | Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve |
| title_fullStr | Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve |
| title_full_unstemmed | Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve |
| title_short | Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve |
| title_sort | midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve |
| topic | cognitive reserve brain maintenance brain reserve mid-life cognitive demands Alzheimer's disease occupation |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957308/full |
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midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT ingokilimann midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT ingokilimann midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT doreengorß midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT stefanteipel midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT stefanteipel midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT christophlaske midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT christophlaske midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT matthiashjmunk midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT matthiashjmunk midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT annikaspottke midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT annikaspottke midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT ninaroy midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT fredericbrosseron midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT michaeltheneka midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT michaeltheneka midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT alfredoramirez midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT alfredoramirez midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT alfredoramirez midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT alfredoramirez midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT alfredoramirez midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT renatyakupov midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT martinscherer midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT wolfgangmaier midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT frankjessen midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT frankjessen midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT frankjessen midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT steffigriedelheller midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT michaelwagner midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve AT michaelwagner midlifeoccupationalcognitiverequirementsprotectcognitivefunctioninoldagebyincreasingcognitivereserve |