Influence of Transesterification Catalysts Synthesized with Citric Acid on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae
In biodegradable waste management, use of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) is a promising method for bioconversion of waste into crude insect fat as feedstock for biodiesel production. Biodiesel is a renewable alternative to fossil fuel, but it is more susceptible to oxidative degradation over long-t...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Fuels |
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| author | Lilies K. Kathumbi Patrick G. Home James M. Raude Benson B. Gathitu Anthony N. Gachanja Anthony Wamalwa Geoffrey Mibei |
| author_facet | Lilies K. Kathumbi Patrick G. Home James M. Raude Benson B. Gathitu Anthony N. Gachanja Anthony Wamalwa Geoffrey Mibei |
| author_sort | Lilies K. Kathumbi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In biodegradable waste management, use of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) is a promising method for bioconversion of waste into crude insect fat as feedstock for biodiesel production. Biodiesel is a renewable alternative to fossil fuel, but it is more susceptible to oxidative degradation over long-term storage. This study investigates the effectiveness of NaOH and CaO catalysts synthesized with citric acid (CA) in improving the oxidative stability of biodiesel. The biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends derived from BSFL were stored at 63 °C for 8 days. The quality of biodiesel was determined by analysis of the physicochemical and fuel properties by: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), bomb calorimeter and titration methods. Properties that were analyzed included: peroxide value, acid value, iodine value, refractive index, density, calorific value, total oxidation (TOTOX), anisidine value and fatty acid profile. The results showed that catalysts synthesized with CA retarded the decomposition of unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a significant delay in the formation of hydroperoxides. Besides, 10-oxo-octadecanoic acid, an antioxidant, was present in biodiesel produced using catalysts synthesized with CA, hence enhancing the stability of biodiesel against oxidation. Catalysts synthesized with CA slowed the decomposition of monounsaturated fatty acids by 6.11–11.25%. Overall, biodiesel produced using catalysts synthesized with CA was observed to degrade at a slower rate than biodiesel produced using commercial calcium oxide. The reduced degradation rates demonstrate the effectiveness of the synthesized catalysts in enhancing the oxidation stability and consequently the fuel qualities of biodiesel from BSFL under accelerated storage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:58:31Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:58:31Z |
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| series | Fuels |
| spelling | doaj.art-8e72bc47810d45dfbd7c4c6855404d652023-11-23T16:20:27ZengMDPI AGFuels2673-39942022-09-013353355410.3390/fuels3030032Influence of Transesterification Catalysts Synthesized with Citric Acid on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly LarvaeLilies K. Kathumbi0Patrick G. Home1James M. Raude2Benson B. Gathitu3Anthony N. Gachanja4Anthony Wamalwa5Geoffrey Mibei6Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Pan African University, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, KenyaDepartment of Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, KenyaDepartment of Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, KenyaDepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, KenyaDepartment of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, KenyaGeothermal Development Company, Nairobi P.O. Box 100746-00101, KenyaGeothermal Development Company, Nairobi P.O. Box 100746-00101, KenyaIn biodegradable waste management, use of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) is a promising method for bioconversion of waste into crude insect fat as feedstock for biodiesel production. Biodiesel is a renewable alternative to fossil fuel, but it is more susceptible to oxidative degradation over long-term storage. This study investigates the effectiveness of NaOH and CaO catalysts synthesized with citric acid (CA) in improving the oxidative stability of biodiesel. The biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends derived from BSFL were stored at 63 °C for 8 days. The quality of biodiesel was determined by analysis of the physicochemical and fuel properties by: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), bomb calorimeter and titration methods. Properties that were analyzed included: peroxide value, acid value, iodine value, refractive index, density, calorific value, total oxidation (TOTOX), anisidine value and fatty acid profile. The results showed that catalysts synthesized with CA retarded the decomposition of unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a significant delay in the formation of hydroperoxides. Besides, 10-oxo-octadecanoic acid, an antioxidant, was present in biodiesel produced using catalysts synthesized with CA, hence enhancing the stability of biodiesel against oxidation. Catalysts synthesized with CA slowed the decomposition of monounsaturated fatty acids by 6.11–11.25%. Overall, biodiesel produced using catalysts synthesized with CA was observed to degrade at a slower rate than biodiesel produced using commercial calcium oxide. The reduced degradation rates demonstrate the effectiveness of the synthesized catalysts in enhancing the oxidation stability and consequently the fuel qualities of biodiesel from BSFL under accelerated storage.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/3/3/32biodieselBlack Soldier Fly Larvaecatalyst synthesisfatty acid methyl estersoxidizability indexphysicochemical properties |
| spellingShingle | Lilies K. Kathumbi Patrick G. Home James M. Raude Benson B. Gathitu Anthony N. Gachanja Anthony Wamalwa Geoffrey Mibei Influence of Transesterification Catalysts Synthesized with Citric Acid on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Fuels biodiesel Black Soldier Fly Larvae catalyst synthesis fatty acid methyl esters oxidizability index physicochemical properties |
| title | Influence of Transesterification Catalysts Synthesized with Citric Acid on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae |
| title_full | Influence of Transesterification Catalysts Synthesized with Citric Acid on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Transesterification Catalysts Synthesized with Citric Acid on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Transesterification Catalysts Synthesized with Citric Acid on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae |
| title_short | Influence of Transesterification Catalysts Synthesized with Citric Acid on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae |
| title_sort | influence of transesterification catalysts synthesized with citric acid on the quality and oxidative stability of biodiesel from black soldier fly larvae |
| topic | biodiesel Black Soldier Fly Larvae catalyst synthesis fatty acid methyl esters oxidizability index physicochemical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/3/3/32 |
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