Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Dysregulation
According to global data, there is a male reproductive potential decrease. Pathogenesis of male infertility is often associated with autoimmunity towards sperm antigens essential for fertilization. Antisperm autoantibodies (ASAs) have immobilizing and cytotoxic properties, impairing spermatogenesis,...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Pathophysiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1873-149X/28/4/30 |
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| author | Valeriy A. Chereshnev Svetlana V. Pichugova Yakov B. Beikin Margarita V. Chereshneva Angelina I. Iukhta Yuri I. Stroev Leonid P. Churilov |
| author_facet | Valeriy A. Chereshnev Svetlana V. Pichugova Yakov B. Beikin Margarita V. Chereshneva Angelina I. Iukhta Yuri I. Stroev Leonid P. Churilov |
| author_sort | Valeriy A. Chereshnev |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | According to global data, there is a male reproductive potential decrease. Pathogenesis of male infertility is often associated with autoimmunity towards sperm antigens essential for fertilization. Antisperm autoantibodies (ASAs) have immobilizing and cytotoxic properties, impairing spermatogenesis, causing sperm agglutination, altering spermatozoa motility and acrosomal reaction, and thus preventing ovum fertilization. Infertility diagnosis requires a mandatory check for the ASAs. The concept of the blood–testis barrier is currently re-formulated, with an emphasis on informational paracrine and juxtacrine effects, rather than simple anatomical separation. The etiology of male infertility includes both autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases but equally develops through autoimmune links of pathogenesis. Varicocele commonly leads to infertility due to testicular ischemic damage, venous stasis, local hyperthermia, and hypoandrogenism. However, varicocelectomy can alter the blood–testis barrier, facilitating ASAs production as well. There are contradictory data on the role of ASAs in the pathogenesis of varicocele-related infertility. Infection and inflammation both promote ASAs production due to “danger concept” mechanisms and because of antigen mimicry. Systemic pro-autoimmune influences like hyperprolactinemia, hypoandrogenism, and hypothyroidism also facilitate ASAs production. The diagnostic value of various ASAs has not yet been clearly attributed, and their cut-levels have not been determined in sera nor in ejaculate. The assessment of the autoimmunity role in the pathogenesis of male infertility is ambiguous, so the purpose of this review is to show the effects of ASAs on the pathogenesis of male infertility. |
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| issn | 1873-149X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:21:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathophysiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-8eb5370b69a445e9bc0431e7eca667be2023-11-23T10:02:06ZengMDPI AGPathophysiology1873-149X2021-10-0128447148810.3390/pathophysiology28040030Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine DysregulationValeriy A. Chereshnev0Svetlana V. Pichugova1Yakov B. Beikin2Margarita V. Chereshneva3Angelina I. Iukhta4Yuri I. Stroev5Leonid P. Churilov6Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, RussiaInstitute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, RussiaState Autonomous Healthcare Institution of the Sverdlovsk Region “Clinical and Diagnostic Center” (GAUZ SO “CDC” Clinical Diagnostic Center), 620144 Yekaterinburg, RussiaInstitute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, RussiaLaboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199304 Saint Petersburg, RussiaLaboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199304 Saint Petersburg, RussiaLaboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199304 Saint Petersburg, RussiaAccording to global data, there is a male reproductive potential decrease. Pathogenesis of male infertility is often associated with autoimmunity towards sperm antigens essential for fertilization. Antisperm autoantibodies (ASAs) have immobilizing and cytotoxic properties, impairing spermatogenesis, causing sperm agglutination, altering spermatozoa motility and acrosomal reaction, and thus preventing ovum fertilization. Infertility diagnosis requires a mandatory check for the ASAs. The concept of the blood–testis barrier is currently re-formulated, with an emphasis on informational paracrine and juxtacrine effects, rather than simple anatomical separation. The etiology of male infertility includes both autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases but equally develops through autoimmune links of pathogenesis. Varicocele commonly leads to infertility due to testicular ischemic damage, venous stasis, local hyperthermia, and hypoandrogenism. However, varicocelectomy can alter the blood–testis barrier, facilitating ASAs production as well. There are contradictory data on the role of ASAs in the pathogenesis of varicocele-related infertility. Infection and inflammation both promote ASAs production due to “danger concept” mechanisms and because of antigen mimicry. Systemic pro-autoimmune influences like hyperprolactinemia, hypoandrogenism, and hypothyroidism also facilitate ASAs production. The diagnostic value of various ASAs has not yet been clearly attributed, and their cut-levels have not been determined in sera nor in ejaculate. The assessment of the autoimmunity role in the pathogenesis of male infertility is ambiguous, so the purpose of this review is to show the effects of ASAs on the pathogenesis of male infertility.https://www.mdpi.com/1873-149X/28/4/30male infertilityvaricocelevaricocelectomyspermatozoasperm antigensantisperm autoantibodies |
| spellingShingle | Valeriy A. Chereshnev Svetlana V. Pichugova Yakov B. Beikin Margarita V. Chereshneva Angelina I. Iukhta Yuri I. Stroev Leonid P. Churilov Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Dysregulation Pathophysiology male infertility varicocele varicocelectomy spermatozoa sperm antigens antisperm autoantibodies |
| title | Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Dysregulation |
| title_full | Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Dysregulation |
| title_fullStr | Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Dysregulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Dysregulation |
| title_short | Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Dysregulation |
| title_sort | pathogenesis of autoimmune male infertility juxtacrine paracrine and endocrine dysregulation |
| topic | male infertility varicocele varicocelectomy spermatozoa sperm antigens antisperm autoantibodies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1873-149X/28/4/30 |
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