The Effect of Depth on the Morphology, Bacterial Clearance, and Respiration of the Mediterranean Sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847)
To support the successful application of sponges for water purification and collagen production, we evaluated the effect of depth on sponge morphology, growth, physiology, and functioning. Specimens of Eastern Mediterranean populations of the sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/7/358 |
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| author | Mert Gökalp Tjitske Kooistra Miguel Soares Rocha Tiago H. Silva Ronald Osinga AlberTinka J. Murk Tim Wijgerde |
| author_facet | Mert Gökalp Tjitske Kooistra Miguel Soares Rocha Tiago H. Silva Ronald Osinga AlberTinka J. Murk Tim Wijgerde |
| author_sort | Mert Gökalp |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To support the successful application of sponges for water purification and collagen production, we evaluated the effect of depth on sponge morphology, growth, physiology, and functioning. Specimens of Eastern Mediterranean populations of the sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847) (Demospongiae, Chondrosiida, Chondrosiidae) were reciprocally transplanted between 5 and 20 m depth within the Kaş-Kekova Marine Reserve Area. Control sponges at 5 m had fewer but larger oscula than their conspecifics at 20 m, and a significant inverse relationship between the osculum density and size was found in <i>C. reniformis</i> specimens growing along a natural depth gradient. Sponges transplanted from 20 to 5 m altered their morphology to match the 5 m control sponges, producing fewer but larger oscula, whereas explants transplanted from 5 to 20 m did not show a reciprocal morphological plasticity. Despite the changes in morphology, the clearance, respiration, and growth rates were comparable among all the experimental groups. This indicates that depth-induced morphological changes do not affect the overall performance of the sponges. Hence, the potential for the growth and bioremediation of <i>C. reniformis</i> in mariculture is not likely to change with varying culture depth. The collagen content, however, was higher in shallow water <i>C. reniformis</i> compared to deeper-growing sponges, which requires further study to optimize collagen production. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:34:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8eb7de1af2814fe2b08c17a773e8cf17 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:34:42Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-8eb7de1af2814fe2b08c17a773e8cf172023-11-20T06:22:19ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972020-07-0118735810.3390/md18070358The Effect of Depth on the Morphology, Bacterial Clearance, and Respiration of the Mediterranean Sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847)Mert Gökalp0Tjitske Kooistra1Miguel Soares Rocha2Tiago H. Silva3Ronald Osinga4AlberTinka J. Murk5Tim Wijgerde6Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The NetherlandsMarine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, PortugalMarine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The NetherlandsMarine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The NetherlandsMarine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The NetherlandsTo support the successful application of sponges for water purification and collagen production, we evaluated the effect of depth on sponge morphology, growth, physiology, and functioning. Specimens of Eastern Mediterranean populations of the sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847) (Demospongiae, Chondrosiida, Chondrosiidae) were reciprocally transplanted between 5 and 20 m depth within the Kaş-Kekova Marine Reserve Area. Control sponges at 5 m had fewer but larger oscula than their conspecifics at 20 m, and a significant inverse relationship between the osculum density and size was found in <i>C. reniformis</i> specimens growing along a natural depth gradient. Sponges transplanted from 20 to 5 m altered their morphology to match the 5 m control sponges, producing fewer but larger oscula, whereas explants transplanted from 5 to 20 m did not show a reciprocal morphological plasticity. Despite the changes in morphology, the clearance, respiration, and growth rates were comparable among all the experimental groups. This indicates that depth-induced morphological changes do not affect the overall performance of the sponges. Hence, the potential for the growth and bioremediation of <i>C. reniformis</i> in mariculture is not likely to change with varying culture depth. The collagen content, however, was higher in shallow water <i>C. reniformis</i> compared to deeper-growing sponges, which requires further study to optimize collagen production.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/7/358spongeosculum sizerespirationclearance ratedepth<i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> |
| spellingShingle | Mert Gökalp Tjitske Kooistra Miguel Soares Rocha Tiago H. Silva Ronald Osinga AlberTinka J. Murk Tim Wijgerde The Effect of Depth on the Morphology, Bacterial Clearance, and Respiration of the Mediterranean Sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847) Marine Drugs sponge osculum size respiration clearance rate depth <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> |
| title | The Effect of Depth on the Morphology, Bacterial Clearance, and Respiration of the Mediterranean Sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847) |
| title_full | The Effect of Depth on the Morphology, Bacterial Clearance, and Respiration of the Mediterranean Sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847) |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Depth on the Morphology, Bacterial Clearance, and Respiration of the Mediterranean Sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Depth on the Morphology, Bacterial Clearance, and Respiration of the Mediterranean Sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847) |
| title_short | The Effect of Depth on the Morphology, Bacterial Clearance, and Respiration of the Mediterranean Sponge <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> (Nardo, 1847) |
| title_sort | effect of depth on the morphology bacterial clearance and respiration of the mediterranean sponge i chondrosia reniformis i nardo 1847 |
| topic | sponge osculum size respiration clearance rate depth <i>Chondrosia reniformis</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/7/358 |
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