Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing
Triterpenoids are a group of secondary plant metabolites, with a remarkable pharmacological potential, occurring in the cuticular waxes of the aerial parts of plants. The aim of this study was to analyze triterpenoid variability in the fruits and leaves of three apple cultivars during the growing se...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2584 |
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| author | Łukasz Woźniak Anna Szakiel Agnieszka Głowacka Elżbieta Rozpara Krystian Marszałek Sylwia Skąpska |
| author_facet | Łukasz Woźniak Anna Szakiel Agnieszka Głowacka Elżbieta Rozpara Krystian Marszałek Sylwia Skąpska |
| author_sort | Łukasz Woźniak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Triterpenoids are a group of secondary plant metabolites, with a remarkable pharmacological potential, occurring in the cuticular waxes of the aerial parts of plants. The aim of this study was to analyze triterpenoid variability in the fruits and leaves of three apple cultivars during the growing season and gain new insights into their health-promoting properties and fate during juice and purée production. The identification and quantification of the compounds of interest were conducted using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The waxes of both matrices contained similar analytes; however, their quantitative patterns varied: triterpenic acids prevailed in the fruits, while higher contents of steroids and esterified forms were observed in the leaves. The total triterpenoid content per unit area was stable during the growing season; the percentage of esters increased in the later phases of growth. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated with a series of in vitro assays. Triterpenoids were found to be the main anti-inflammatory compounds in the apples, while their impact on antioxidant capacity was minor. The apples were processed on a lab scale to obtain juices and purées. The apple purée and cloudy juice contained only some of the triterpenoids present in the raw fruit, while the clear juices were virtually free of those lipophilic compounds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:07:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8f5a28dacb17465daf6958b8ca79ee6f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:07:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-8f5a28dacb17465daf6958b8ca79ee6f2023-11-17T12:52:22ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-03-01286258410.3390/molecules28062584Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during ProcessingŁukasz Woźniak0Anna Szakiel1Agnieszka Głowacka2Elżbieta Rozpara3Krystian Marszałek4Sylwia Skąpska5Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka Street, 02532 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02096 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Pomology, Gene Resources and Nursery, The National Institute of Horticulture Research, 1/3 3 Maja Street, 96100 Skierniewice, PolandDepartment of Pomology, Gene Resources and Nursery, The National Institute of Horticulture Research, 1/3 3 Maja Street, 96100 Skierniewice, PolandDepartment of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka Street, 02532 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka Street, 02532 Warsaw, PolandTriterpenoids are a group of secondary plant metabolites, with a remarkable pharmacological potential, occurring in the cuticular waxes of the aerial parts of plants. The aim of this study was to analyze triterpenoid variability in the fruits and leaves of three apple cultivars during the growing season and gain new insights into their health-promoting properties and fate during juice and purée production. The identification and quantification of the compounds of interest were conducted using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The waxes of both matrices contained similar analytes; however, their quantitative patterns varied: triterpenic acids prevailed in the fruits, while higher contents of steroids and esterified forms were observed in the leaves. The total triterpenoid content per unit area was stable during the growing season; the percentage of esters increased in the later phases of growth. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated with a series of in vitro assays. Triterpenoids were found to be the main anti-inflammatory compounds in the apples, while their impact on antioxidant capacity was minor. The apples were processed on a lab scale to obtain juices and purées. The apple purée and cloudy juice contained only some of the triterpenoids present in the raw fruit, while the clear juices were virtually free of those lipophilic compounds.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2584antioxidantscuticular waxescyclooxygenasesGC-MSGolden DeliciousLigol |
| spellingShingle | Łukasz Woźniak Anna Szakiel Agnieszka Głowacka Elżbieta Rozpara Krystian Marszałek Sylwia Skąpska Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing Molecules antioxidants cuticular waxes cyclooxygenases GC-MS Golden Delicious Ligol |
| title | Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing |
| title_full | Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing |
| title_fullStr | Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing |
| title_short | Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing |
| title_sort | triterpenoids of three apple cultivars biosynthesis antioxidative and anti inflammatory properties and fate during processing |
| topic | antioxidants cuticular waxes cyclooxygenases GC-MS Golden Delicious Ligol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2584 |
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