Histamine Is Responsible for the Neuropathic Itch Induced by the Pseudorabies Virus Variant in a Mouse Model
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR). It can infect a wide range of mammals. PRV infection can cause severe acute neuropathy (the so-called “mad itch”) in nonnatural hosts. PRV can infect the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where it can establish a quiescent, latent...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/5/1067 |
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| author | Bing Wang Hongxia Wu Hansong Qi Hanglin Li Li Pan Lianfeng Li Kehui Zhang Mengqi Yuan Yimin Wang Hua-Ji Qiu Yuan Sun |
| author_facet | Bing Wang Hongxia Wu Hansong Qi Hanglin Li Li Pan Lianfeng Li Kehui Zhang Mengqi Yuan Yimin Wang Hua-Ji Qiu Yuan Sun |
| author_sort | Bing Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR). It can infect a wide range of mammals. PRV infection can cause severe acute neuropathy (the so-called “mad itch”) in nonnatural hosts. PRV can infect the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where it can establish a quiescent, latent infection. The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains the cell bodies of the spinal sensory neurons, which can transmit peripheral sensory signals, including itch and somatic pain. Little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanism of the itch caused by PRV in nonnatural hosts. In this study, a mouse model of the itch caused by PRV was elaborated. BALB/c mice were infected intramuscularly with 10<sup>5</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub> of PRV TJ. The frequency of the bite bouts and the durations of itch were recorded and quantified. The results showed that the PRV-infected mice developed spontaneous itch at 32 h postinfection (hpi). The frequency of the bite bouts and the durations of itch were increased over time. The mRNA expression levels of the receptors and the potential cation channels that are relevant to the itch-signal transmission in the DRG neurons were quantified. The mRNA expression levels of tachykinin 1 (TAC1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-31, tryptases, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) were also measured by high-throughput RNA sequencing and real-time reverse transcription PCR. The results showed that the mean mRNA level of the HDC in the DRG neurons isolated from the PRV-infected mice was approximately 25-fold higher than that of the controls at 56 hpi. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) was strongly positive for HDC in the DRG neurons of the PRV-infected mice, which led to the high expression of histamine at the injected sites. The itch of the infected mice was inhibited by chlorphenamine hydrogen maleate (an antagonist for the histamine H1 receptor) in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA and protein levels of the HDC in the DRG neurons were proportional to the severity of the itch induced by different PRV strains. Taken together, the histamine synthesized by the HDC in the DRG neurons was responsible for the PRV-induced itch in the mice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:36:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8f8010a4954f497a9e26194a7cffc3a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
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| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-8f8010a4954f497a9e26194a7cffc3a62023-11-23T13:32:45ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152022-05-01145106710.3390/v14051067Histamine Is Responsible for the Neuropathic Itch Induced by the Pseudorabies Virus Variant in a Mouse ModelBing Wang0Hongxia Wu1Hansong Qi2Hanglin Li3Li Pan4Lianfeng Li5Kehui Zhang6Mengqi Yuan7Yimin Wang8Hua-Ji Qiu9Yuan Sun10State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaHenan Institute of Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaHenan Institute of Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, ChinaPseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR). It can infect a wide range of mammals. PRV infection can cause severe acute neuropathy (the so-called “mad itch”) in nonnatural hosts. PRV can infect the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where it can establish a quiescent, latent infection. The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains the cell bodies of the spinal sensory neurons, which can transmit peripheral sensory signals, including itch and somatic pain. Little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanism of the itch caused by PRV in nonnatural hosts. In this study, a mouse model of the itch caused by PRV was elaborated. BALB/c mice were infected intramuscularly with 10<sup>5</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub> of PRV TJ. The frequency of the bite bouts and the durations of itch were recorded and quantified. The results showed that the PRV-infected mice developed spontaneous itch at 32 h postinfection (hpi). The frequency of the bite bouts and the durations of itch were increased over time. The mRNA expression levels of the receptors and the potential cation channels that are relevant to the itch-signal transmission in the DRG neurons were quantified. The mRNA expression levels of tachykinin 1 (TAC1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-31, tryptases, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) were also measured by high-throughput RNA sequencing and real-time reverse transcription PCR. The results showed that the mean mRNA level of the HDC in the DRG neurons isolated from the PRV-infected mice was approximately 25-fold higher than that of the controls at 56 hpi. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) was strongly positive for HDC in the DRG neurons of the PRV-infected mice, which led to the high expression of histamine at the injected sites. The itch of the infected mice was inhibited by chlorphenamine hydrogen maleate (an antagonist for the histamine H1 receptor) in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA and protein levels of the HDC in the DRG neurons were proportional to the severity of the itch induced by different PRV strains. Taken together, the histamine synthesized by the HDC in the DRG neurons was responsible for the PRV-induced itch in the mice.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/5/1067pseudorabies virusitchmousehistaminedorsal root ganglion |
| spellingShingle | Bing Wang Hongxia Wu Hansong Qi Hanglin Li Li Pan Lianfeng Li Kehui Zhang Mengqi Yuan Yimin Wang Hua-Ji Qiu Yuan Sun Histamine Is Responsible for the Neuropathic Itch Induced by the Pseudorabies Virus Variant in a Mouse Model Viruses pseudorabies virus itch mouse histamine dorsal root ganglion |
| title | Histamine Is Responsible for the Neuropathic Itch Induced by the Pseudorabies Virus Variant in a Mouse Model |
| title_full | Histamine Is Responsible for the Neuropathic Itch Induced by the Pseudorabies Virus Variant in a Mouse Model |
| title_fullStr | Histamine Is Responsible for the Neuropathic Itch Induced by the Pseudorabies Virus Variant in a Mouse Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Histamine Is Responsible for the Neuropathic Itch Induced by the Pseudorabies Virus Variant in a Mouse Model |
| title_short | Histamine Is Responsible for the Neuropathic Itch Induced by the Pseudorabies Virus Variant in a Mouse Model |
| title_sort | histamine is responsible for the neuropathic itch induced by the pseudorabies virus variant in a mouse model |
| topic | pseudorabies virus itch mouse histamine dorsal root ganglion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/5/1067 |
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