Multisensory Stimulation Reverses Memory Impairment in Adrβ<sub>3</sub>KO Male Mice
Norepinephrine plays an important role in modulating memory through its beta-adrenergic receptors (Adrβ: β<sub>1</sub>, β<sub>2</sub> and β<sub>3</sub>). Here, we hypothesized that multisensory stimulation would reverse memory impairment caused by the inactivation...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/13/10522 |
| Summary: | Norepinephrine plays an important role in modulating memory through its beta-adrenergic receptors (Adrβ: β<sub>1</sub>, β<sub>2</sub> and β<sub>3</sub>). Here, we hypothesized that multisensory stimulation would reverse memory impairment caused by the inactivation of Adrβ<sub>3</sub> (Adrβ<sub>3</sub>KO) with consequent inhibition of sustained glial-mediated inflammation. To test this, 21- and 86-day-old Adrβ<sub>3</sub>KO mice were exposed to an 8-week multisensory stimulation (MS) protocol that comprised gustatory and olfactory stimuli of positive and negative valence; intellectual challenges to reach food; the use of hidden objects; and the presentation of food in ways that prompted foraging, which was followed by analysis of GFAP, Iba-1 and EAAT2 protein expression in the hippocampus (HC) and amygdala (AMY). The MS protocol reduced GFAP and Iba-1 expression in the HC of young mice but not in older mice. While this protocol restored memory impairment when applied to Adrβ<sub>3</sub>KO animals immediately after weaning, it had no effect when applied to adult animals. In fact, we observed that aging worsened the memory of Adrβ<sub>3</sub>KO mice. In the AMY of Adrβ3KO older mice, we observed an increase in GFAP and EAAT2 expression when compared to wild-type (WT) mice that MS was unable to reduce. These results suggest that a richer and more diverse environment helps to correct memory impairment when applied immediately after weaning in Adrβ<sub>3</sub>KO animals and indicates that the control of neuroinflammation mediates this response. |
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| ISSN: | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |