Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast Cancer
Background: We aimed to investigate the associations of breast cancer (BC) and cancer-related chemotherapies with cytokine levels, and cognitive function. Methods: We evaluated subjective and objective cognitive function in BC patients before chemotherapy and 3~9 months after the completion of chemo...
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2576 |
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| author | Vincent Chin-Hung Chen Chin-Kuo Lin Han-Pin Hsiao Bor-Show Tzang Yen-Hsuan Hsu Shu-I Wu Robert Stewart |
| author_facet | Vincent Chin-Hung Chen Chin-Kuo Lin Han-Pin Hsiao Bor-Show Tzang Yen-Hsuan Hsu Shu-I Wu Robert Stewart |
| author_sort | Vincent Chin-Hung Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: We aimed to investigate the associations of breast cancer (BC) and cancer-related chemotherapies with cytokine levels, and cognitive function. Methods: We evaluated subjective and objective cognitive function in BC patients before chemotherapy and 3~9 months after the completion of chemotherapy. Healthy volunteers without cancer were also compared as control group. Interleukins (IL) 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12p70, 13, 17A, 1β, IFNγ, and TNFα were measured. Associations of cancer status, chemotherapy and cytokine levels with subjective and objective cognitive impairments were analyzed using a regression model, adjusting for covariates, including IQ and psychological distress. Results: After adjustment, poorer performance in semantic verbal fluency was found in the post-chemotherapy subgroup compared to controls (<i>p</i> = 0.011, <i>η</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.070); whereas pre-chemotherapy patients scored higher in subjective cognitive perception. Higher IL-13 was associated with lower semantic verbal fluency in the post-chemotherapy subgroup. Higher IL-10 was associated with better perceived cognitive abilities in the pre-chemotherapy and control groups; while IL-5 and IL-13 were associated with lower perceived cognitive abilities in pre-chemotherapy and control groups. Our findings from mediation analysis further suggest that verbal fluency might be affected by cancer status, although mediated by anxiety. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that verbal fluency might be affected by cancer status, although mediated by anxiety. Different cytokines and their interactions may have different roles of neuroinflammation or neuroprotection that need further research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:05:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8fa3c9750ffb48de9bb9b5fa78a6d4ef |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:05:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-8fa3c9750ffb48de9bb9b5fa78a6d4ef2023-11-21T21:10:33ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942021-05-011311257610.3390/cancers13112576Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast CancerVincent Chin-Hung Chen0Chin-Kuo Lin1Han-Pin Hsiao2Bor-Show Tzang3Yen-Hsuan Hsu4Shu-I Wu5Robert Stewart6Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, TaiwanDivision of Pulmonary Infection and Critical Care, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61306, TaiwanDepartment of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, TaiwanDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, TaiwanDepartment of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 62102, TaiwanDepartment of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, TaiwanDepartment of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UKBackground: We aimed to investigate the associations of breast cancer (BC) and cancer-related chemotherapies with cytokine levels, and cognitive function. Methods: We evaluated subjective and objective cognitive function in BC patients before chemotherapy and 3~9 months after the completion of chemotherapy. Healthy volunteers without cancer were also compared as control group. Interleukins (IL) 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12p70, 13, 17A, 1β, IFNγ, and TNFα were measured. Associations of cancer status, chemotherapy and cytokine levels with subjective and objective cognitive impairments were analyzed using a regression model, adjusting for covariates, including IQ and psychological distress. Results: After adjustment, poorer performance in semantic verbal fluency was found in the post-chemotherapy subgroup compared to controls (<i>p</i> = 0.011, <i>η</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.070); whereas pre-chemotherapy patients scored higher in subjective cognitive perception. Higher IL-13 was associated with lower semantic verbal fluency in the post-chemotherapy subgroup. Higher IL-10 was associated with better perceived cognitive abilities in the pre-chemotherapy and control groups; while IL-5 and IL-13 were associated with lower perceived cognitive abilities in pre-chemotherapy and control groups. Our findings from mediation analysis further suggest that verbal fluency might be affected by cancer status, although mediated by anxiety. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that verbal fluency might be affected by cancer status, although mediated by anxiety. Different cytokines and their interactions may have different roles of neuroinflammation or neuroprotection that need further research.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2576cancerchemotherapysubjective and objective cognitive functioningneuropsychological testingcytokinesinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Vincent Chin-Hung Chen Chin-Kuo Lin Han-Pin Hsiao Bor-Show Tzang Yen-Hsuan Hsu Shu-I Wu Robert Stewart Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast Cancer Cancers cancer chemotherapy subjective and objective cognitive functioning neuropsychological testing cytokines inflammation |
| title | Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast Cancer |
| title_full | Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast Cancer |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast Cancer |
| title_short | Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast Cancer |
| title_sort | effects of cancer chemotherapy and cytokines on subjective and objective cognitive functioning among patients with breast cancer |
| topic | cancer chemotherapy subjective and objective cognitive functioning neuropsychological testing cytokines inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2576 |
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