Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, alterations in lipid metabolism and arterial hypertension (AH). In particular, AH plays a key role in the complications associated with metabolic synd...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1162 |
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| author | Maria Paola Canale Annalisa Noce Manuela Di Lauro Giulia Marrone Maria Cantelmo Carmine Cardillo Massimo Federici Nicola Di Daniele Manfredi Tesauro |
| author_facet | Maria Paola Canale Annalisa Noce Manuela Di Lauro Giulia Marrone Maria Cantelmo Carmine Cardillo Massimo Federici Nicola Di Daniele Manfredi Tesauro |
| author_sort | Maria Paola Canale |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, alterations in lipid metabolism and arterial hypertension (AH). In particular, AH plays a key role in the complications associated with metabolic syndrome. High salt intake is a well-known risk factor for AH and CV diseases. Vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, extracellular volume expansion, inflammation, and an increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity are the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AH, induced by Western diet. Gut dysbiosis in AH is associated with reduction of short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria: acetate, butyrate and propionate, which activate different pathways, causing vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, salt and water retention and a consequent high blood pressure. Moreover, increased trimethylamine N-oxide and lipopolysaccharides trigger chronic inflammation, which contributes to endothelial dysfunction and target organs damage. Additionally, a high salt-intake diet impacts negatively on gut microbiota composition. A bidirectional neuronal pathway determines the “brain–gut” axis, which, in turn, influences blood pressure levels. Then, we discuss the possible adjuvant novel treatments related to gut microbiota modulation for AH control. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:42:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8faf6ccb26034c61b2ca4f6590f844fa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:42:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-8faf6ccb26034c61b2ca4f6590f844fa2023-11-21T13:45:10ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-04-01134116210.3390/nu13041162Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative ReviewMaria Paola Canale0Annalisa Noce1Manuela Di Lauro2Giulia Marrone3Maria Cantelmo4Carmine Cardillo5Massimo Federici6Nicola Di Daniele7Manfredi Tesauro8Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyUOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyUOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyUOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, ItalySchool of Specialization in Geriatrics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, ItalyDepartment of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyUOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyUOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyMetabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, alterations in lipid metabolism and arterial hypertension (AH). In particular, AH plays a key role in the complications associated with metabolic syndrome. High salt intake is a well-known risk factor for AH and CV diseases. Vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, extracellular volume expansion, inflammation, and an increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity are the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AH, induced by Western diet. Gut dysbiosis in AH is associated with reduction of short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria: acetate, butyrate and propionate, which activate different pathways, causing vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, salt and water retention and a consequent high blood pressure. Moreover, increased trimethylamine N-oxide and lipopolysaccharides trigger chronic inflammation, which contributes to endothelial dysfunction and target organs damage. Additionally, a high salt-intake diet impacts negatively on gut microbiota composition. A bidirectional neuronal pathway determines the “brain–gut” axis, which, in turn, influences blood pressure levels. Then, we discuss the possible adjuvant novel treatments related to gut microbiota modulation for AH control.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1162arterial hypertensiongut microbiotaWestern diethigh salt-intake dietprebioticprobiotic |
| spellingShingle | Maria Paola Canale Annalisa Noce Manuela Di Lauro Giulia Marrone Maria Cantelmo Carmine Cardillo Massimo Federici Nicola Di Daniele Manfredi Tesauro Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review Nutrients arterial hypertension gut microbiota Western diet high salt-intake diet prebiotic probiotic |
| title | Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review |
| title_full | Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review |
| title_fullStr | Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review |
| title_short | Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review |
| title_sort | gut dysbiosis and western diet in the pathogenesis of essential arterial hypertension a narrative review |
| topic | arterial hypertension gut microbiota Western diet high salt-intake diet prebiotic probiotic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1162 |
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