Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker Biosensing
Optical fiber ball resonators based on single-mode fibers in the infrared range are an emerging technology for refractive index sensing and biosensing. These devices are easy and rapid to fabricate using a CO<sub>2</sub> laser splicer and yield a very low finesse reflection spectrum with...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6721 |
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| author | Daniele Tosi Zhannat Ashikbayeva Aliya Bekmurzayeva Zhuldyz Myrkhiyeva Aida Rakhimbekova Takhmina Ayupova Madina Shaimerdenova |
| author_facet | Daniele Tosi Zhannat Ashikbayeva Aliya Bekmurzayeva Zhuldyz Myrkhiyeva Aida Rakhimbekova Takhmina Ayupova Madina Shaimerdenova |
| author_sort | Daniele Tosi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Optical fiber ball resonators based on single-mode fibers in the infrared range are an emerging technology for refractive index sensing and biosensing. These devices are easy and rapid to fabricate using a CO<sub>2</sub> laser splicer and yield a very low finesse reflection spectrum with a quasi-random pattern. In addition, they can be functionalized for biosensing by using a thin-film sputtering method. A common problem of this type of device is that the spectral response is substantially unknown, and poorly correlated with the size and shape of the spherical device. In this work, we propose a detection method based on Karhunen−Loeve transform (KLT), applied to the undersampled spectrum measured by an optical backscatter reflectometer. We show that this method correctly detects the response of the ball resonator in any working condition, without prior knowledge of the sensor under interrogation. First, this method for refractive index sensing of a gold-coated resonator is applied, showing 1594 RIU<sup>−1</sup> sensitivity; then, this concept is extended to a biofunctionalized ball resonator, detecting CD44 cancer biomarker concentration with a picomolar-level limit of detection (19.7 pM) and high specificity (30–41%). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:13:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8fbf4fb53d4e486180840b226508121a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:13:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-8fbf4fb53d4e486180840b226508121a2023-11-22T19:56:25ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-10-012120672110.3390/s21206721Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker BiosensingDaniele Tosi0Zhannat Ashikbayeva1Aliya Bekmurzayeva2Zhuldyz Myrkhiyeva3Aida Rakhimbekova4Takhmina Ayupova5Madina Shaimerdenova6School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, KazakhstanSchool of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, KazakhstanSchool of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, KazakhstanSchool of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, KazakhstanSchool of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, KazakhstanSchool of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, KazakhstanSchool of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, KazakhstanOptical fiber ball resonators based on single-mode fibers in the infrared range are an emerging technology for refractive index sensing and biosensing. These devices are easy and rapid to fabricate using a CO<sub>2</sub> laser splicer and yield a very low finesse reflection spectrum with a quasi-random pattern. In addition, they can be functionalized for biosensing by using a thin-film sputtering method. A common problem of this type of device is that the spectral response is substantially unknown, and poorly correlated with the size and shape of the spherical device. In this work, we propose a detection method based on Karhunen−Loeve transform (KLT), applied to the undersampled spectrum measured by an optical backscatter reflectometer. We show that this method correctly detects the response of the ball resonator in any working condition, without prior knowledge of the sensor under interrogation. First, this method for refractive index sensing of a gold-coated resonator is applied, showing 1594 RIU<sup>−1</sup> sensitivity; then, this concept is extended to a biofunctionalized ball resonator, detecting CD44 cancer biomarker concentration with a picomolar-level limit of detection (19.7 pM) and high specificity (30–41%).https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6721optical fiber biosensoroptical fiber sensorball resonatoroptical fiber spherical tipdigital signal processingKarhunen−Loeve transform (KLT) |
| spellingShingle | Daniele Tosi Zhannat Ashikbayeva Aliya Bekmurzayeva Zhuldyz Myrkhiyeva Aida Rakhimbekova Takhmina Ayupova Madina Shaimerdenova Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker Biosensing Sensors optical fiber biosensor optical fiber sensor ball resonator optical fiber spherical tip digital signal processing Karhunen−Loeve transform (KLT) |
| title | Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker Biosensing |
| title_full | Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker Biosensing |
| title_fullStr | Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker Biosensing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker Biosensing |
| title_short | Optical Fiber Ball Resonator Sensor Spectral Interrogation through Undersampled KLT: Application to Refractive Index Sensing and Cancer Biomarker Biosensing |
| title_sort | optical fiber ball resonator sensor spectral interrogation through undersampled klt application to refractive index sensing and cancer biomarker biosensing |
| topic | optical fiber biosensor optical fiber sensor ball resonator optical fiber spherical tip digital signal processing Karhunen−Loeve transform (KLT) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6721 |
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