The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy Fields
The addition of fertilizers is indispensable in agricultural production, and currently, there is a wide variety of new types of fertilizers available. For example, commonly used are stabilized fertilizers with inhibitors and coated slow-release fertilizers, among others. However, the long-term effec...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/9/2190 |
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| author | Yiji Zhang Dongpo Li Ke Zhang Furong Xiao Yonghua Li Yandi Du Yan Xue Lili Zhang Ping Gong Yuchao Song Kaikuo Wu |
| author_facet | Yiji Zhang Dongpo Li Ke Zhang Furong Xiao Yonghua Li Yandi Du Yan Xue Lili Zhang Ping Gong Yuchao Song Kaikuo Wu |
| author_sort | Yiji Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The addition of fertilizers is indispensable in agricultural production, and currently, there is a wide variety of new types of fertilizers available. For example, commonly used are stabilized fertilizers with inhibitors and coated slow-release fertilizers, among others. However, the long-term effects of these fertilizers, when applied continuously are still uncertain. This study will provide scientific and theoretical support for the development and promotion of these fertilizers. A 16-year paddy field with brown soil treated with different urease and nitrification inhibitors, sulfur-coated urea (SCU), and resin-coated urea (PCU) was studied. The study showed that long-term use of conventional urea nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a significant reduction in soil total phosphorus (TP). Long-term application of NBPT and conventional urea significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM). Moreover, except for HQ and NBPT+DMPP, the prolonged application of new urea fertilizers also significantly enhanced soil total potassium (TK). Application of SCU fertilizer in brown soil type paddy fields resulted in a significant decrease in soil pH over time. However, changes in pH had no effect on the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), as AOB was mainly affected by soil-available N. DMPP, HQ+DCD, NBPT+DMPP, SCU, and PCU significantly reduced the 16S rRNA gene copy number of soil bacteria, with the greatest effect of coated urea fertilizer (SCU and PCU). Long-term application of stable urea fertilizer with HQ significantly reduced the bacterial community in paddy soil. Conversely, HQ+DCD-stabilizede urea fertilizer significantly increased the population structure and abundance of <i>Basidiomycota</i> fungi while decreasing the population structure and abundance of <i>Rozellomycota</i> fungi. DMPP-stabilized urea fertilizer notably increased the population structure and abundance of <i>Ascomycota</i> fungi while decreasing the population structure and abundance of <i>Rozellomycota</i> and <i>Chytridiomycota</i> fungi. Furthermore, HQ-stabilized urea fertilizer significantly reduced the population structure and abundance of <i>Chytridiomycota</i> fungi. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:08:41Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:08:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-8ff3f155345d4700b5110577b356091b2023-11-19T09:08:49ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-08-01139219010.3390/agronomy13092190The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy FieldsYiji Zhang0Dongpo Li1Ke Zhang2Furong Xiao3Yonghua Li4Yandi Du5Yan Xue6Lili Zhang7Ping Gong8Yuchao Song9Kaikuo Wu10Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaNorth Huajin Chemical Industries Group Corporation, Panjin 124021, ChinaChaoyang County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Chaoyang 122000, ChinaInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, ChinaThe addition of fertilizers is indispensable in agricultural production, and currently, there is a wide variety of new types of fertilizers available. For example, commonly used are stabilized fertilizers with inhibitors and coated slow-release fertilizers, among others. However, the long-term effects of these fertilizers, when applied continuously are still uncertain. This study will provide scientific and theoretical support for the development and promotion of these fertilizers. A 16-year paddy field with brown soil treated with different urease and nitrification inhibitors, sulfur-coated urea (SCU), and resin-coated urea (PCU) was studied. The study showed that long-term use of conventional urea nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a significant reduction in soil total phosphorus (TP). Long-term application of NBPT and conventional urea significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM). Moreover, except for HQ and NBPT+DMPP, the prolonged application of new urea fertilizers also significantly enhanced soil total potassium (TK). Application of SCU fertilizer in brown soil type paddy fields resulted in a significant decrease in soil pH over time. However, changes in pH had no effect on the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), as AOB was mainly affected by soil-available N. DMPP, HQ+DCD, NBPT+DMPP, SCU, and PCU significantly reduced the 16S rRNA gene copy number of soil bacteria, with the greatest effect of coated urea fertilizer (SCU and PCU). Long-term application of stable urea fertilizer with HQ significantly reduced the bacterial community in paddy soil. Conversely, HQ+DCD-stabilizede urea fertilizer significantly increased the population structure and abundance of <i>Basidiomycota</i> fungi while decreasing the population structure and abundance of <i>Rozellomycota</i> fungi. DMPP-stabilized urea fertilizer notably increased the population structure and abundance of <i>Ascomycota</i> fungi while decreasing the population structure and abundance of <i>Rozellomycota</i> and <i>Chytridiomycota</i> fungi. Furthermore, HQ-stabilized urea fertilizer significantly reduced the population structure and abundance of <i>Chytridiomycota</i> fungi.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/9/2190urease inhibitornitrification inhibitorstabilized ureacoated fertilizerpaddynitrogen conversion functional genes |
| spellingShingle | Yiji Zhang Dongpo Li Ke Zhang Furong Xiao Yonghua Li Yandi Du Yan Xue Lili Zhang Ping Gong Yuchao Song Kaikuo Wu The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy Fields Agronomy urease inhibitor nitrification inhibitor stabilized urea coated fertilizer paddy nitrogen conversion functional genes |
| title | The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy Fields |
| title_full | The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy Fields |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy Fields |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy Fields |
| title_short | The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy Fields |
| title_sort | effects of long term application of stabilized and coated urea on soil chemical properties microbial community structure and functional genes in paddy fields |
| topic | urease inhibitor nitrification inhibitor stabilized urea coated fertilizer paddy nitrogen conversion functional genes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/9/2190 |
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