Response of Soil N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions to Soil Microbe and Enzyme Activities with Aeration at Two Irrigation Levels in Greenhouse Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.</i>) Fields
Aerated irrigation is proven to increase soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions; however, the mechanisms of N<sub>2</sub>O release are still unknown. A field experiment for two consecutive greenhouse tomato-growing seasons, from August 2016 to July 2017, was carried out to examine (1)...
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MDPI AG
2019-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/2/72 |
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| author | Hui Chen Zihui Shang Huanjie Cai Yan Zhu |
| author_facet | Hui Chen Zihui Shang Huanjie Cai Yan Zhu |
| author_sort | Hui Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aerated irrigation is proven to increase soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions; however, the mechanisms of N<sub>2</sub>O release are still unknown. A field experiment for two consecutive greenhouse tomato-growing seasons, from August 2016 to July 2017, was carried out to examine (1) the differences of aeration and irrigation on soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions with a static chamber GC technique, and on soil physical and biotic parameters, and (2) the response of soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions to soil physical and biotic parameters. Two irrigation levels were included: 60% (low irrigation) and 100% (high irrigation) of the full irrigation amount. Each irrigation level contained aeration and control, totaling four treatments. During the two growing seasons, soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions with aeration were 4.5% higher than the control (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions under the high irrigation were 13.8% greater than under the low irrigation, and the difference was significant in 2017 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Aeration and irrigation had positive effects on the mean soil nitrifier abundance and mean soil urease activity, and the impact of irrigation on urease was significant in 2016 (<i>p</i> = 0.001). In addition, aeration negatively influenced the mean soil denitrifier abundance, while irrigation positively influenced the mean soil denitrifier abundance. Regression analysis showed that the soil water-filled pore space, temperature, and denitrifier abundance were primary factors influencing soil N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. This study provides a further understanding of the processes affecting soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and N dynamics, which may assist in developing mitigation strategies to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-901eb146126b48adaf947ffdbd5c38a02022-12-21T18:47:29ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332019-02-011027210.3390/atmos10020072atmos10020072Response of Soil N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions to Soil Microbe and Enzyme Activities with Aeration at Two Irrigation Levels in Greenhouse Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.</i>) FieldsHui Chen0Zihui Shang1Huanjie Cai2Yan Zhu3Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaAerated irrigation is proven to increase soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions; however, the mechanisms of N<sub>2</sub>O release are still unknown. A field experiment for two consecutive greenhouse tomato-growing seasons, from August 2016 to July 2017, was carried out to examine (1) the differences of aeration and irrigation on soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions with a static chamber GC technique, and on soil physical and biotic parameters, and (2) the response of soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions to soil physical and biotic parameters. Two irrigation levels were included: 60% (low irrigation) and 100% (high irrigation) of the full irrigation amount. Each irrigation level contained aeration and control, totaling four treatments. During the two growing seasons, soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions with aeration were 4.5% higher than the control (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions under the high irrigation were 13.8% greater than under the low irrigation, and the difference was significant in 2017 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Aeration and irrigation had positive effects on the mean soil nitrifier abundance and mean soil urease activity, and the impact of irrigation on urease was significant in 2016 (<i>p</i> = 0.001). In addition, aeration negatively influenced the mean soil denitrifier abundance, while irrigation positively influenced the mean soil denitrifier abundance. Regression analysis showed that the soil water-filled pore space, temperature, and denitrifier abundance were primary factors influencing soil N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. This study provides a further understanding of the processes affecting soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and N dynamics, which may assist in developing mitigation strategies to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/2/72aerated irrigationsoil N<sub>2</sub>O emissionsnitrifierdenitrifiersoil urease activity |
| spellingShingle | Hui Chen Zihui Shang Huanjie Cai Yan Zhu Response of Soil N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions to Soil Microbe and Enzyme Activities with Aeration at Two Irrigation Levels in Greenhouse Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.</i>) Fields Atmosphere aerated irrigation soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions nitrifier denitrifier soil urease activity |
| title | Response of Soil N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions to Soil Microbe and Enzyme Activities with Aeration at Two Irrigation Levels in Greenhouse Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.</i>) Fields |
| title_full | Response of Soil N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions to Soil Microbe and Enzyme Activities with Aeration at Two Irrigation Levels in Greenhouse Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.</i>) Fields |
| title_fullStr | Response of Soil N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions to Soil Microbe and Enzyme Activities with Aeration at Two Irrigation Levels in Greenhouse Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.</i>) Fields |
| title_full_unstemmed | Response of Soil N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions to Soil Microbe and Enzyme Activities with Aeration at Two Irrigation Levels in Greenhouse Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.</i>) Fields |
| title_short | Response of Soil N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions to Soil Microbe and Enzyme Activities with Aeration at Two Irrigation Levels in Greenhouse Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.</i>) Fields |
| title_sort | response of soil n sub 2 sub o emissions to soil microbe and enzyme activities with aeration at two irrigation levels in greenhouse tomato i lycopersicon esculentum mill i fields |
| topic | aerated irrigation soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions nitrifier denitrifier soil urease activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/2/72 |
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