The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with Prediabetes
Myocardial infarction is a major contributor to CVD-related mortality. T2DM is a risk factor for MI. Stress activates the HPA axis, SNS, and endogenous OPS. These POMC derivatives increase the blood glucose and cardiovascular response by inhibiting the PI3K/AkT insulin signaling pathway and increasi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/314 |
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| author | Nompumelelo Anna-Cletta Gumede Andile Khathi |
| author_facet | Nompumelelo Anna-Cletta Gumede Andile Khathi |
| author_sort | Nompumelelo Anna-Cletta Gumede |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Myocardial infarction is a major contributor to CVD-related mortality. T2DM is a risk factor for MI. Stress activates the HPA axis, SNS, and endogenous OPS. These POMC derivatives increase the blood glucose and cardiovascular response by inhibiting the PI3K/AkT insulin signaling pathway and increasing cardiac contraction. Opioids regulate the effect of the HPA axis and SNS and they are cardioprotective. The chronic activation of the stress response may lead to insulin resistance, cardiac dysfunction, and MI. Stress and T2DM, therefore, increase the risk of MI. T2DM is preceded by prediabetes. Studies have shown that prediabetes is associated with an increased risk of MI because of inflammation, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension. The HPA axis is reported to be dysregulated in prediabetes. However, the SNS and the OPS have not been explored during prediabetes. The effect of prediabetes on POMC derivatives has yet to be fully explored and understood. The impact of stress and prediabetes on the cardiovascular response needs to be investigated. This study sought to review the potential impact of prediabetes on the POMC derivatives and pathways that could lead to MI. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:41:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9046d1944cee4abcbd3c14c893ba98b4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:41:49Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-9046d1944cee4abcbd3c14c893ba98b42024-02-23T15:08:28ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592024-01-0112231410.3390/biomedicines12020314The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with PrediabetesNompumelelo Anna-Cletta Gumede0Andile Khathi1Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban X54001, South AfricaDepartment of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban X54001, South AfricaMyocardial infarction is a major contributor to CVD-related mortality. T2DM is a risk factor for MI. Stress activates the HPA axis, SNS, and endogenous OPS. These POMC derivatives increase the blood glucose and cardiovascular response by inhibiting the PI3K/AkT insulin signaling pathway and increasing cardiac contraction. Opioids regulate the effect of the HPA axis and SNS and they are cardioprotective. The chronic activation of the stress response may lead to insulin resistance, cardiac dysfunction, and MI. Stress and T2DM, therefore, increase the risk of MI. T2DM is preceded by prediabetes. Studies have shown that prediabetes is associated with an increased risk of MI because of inflammation, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension. The HPA axis is reported to be dysregulated in prediabetes. However, the SNS and the OPS have not been explored during prediabetes. The effect of prediabetes on POMC derivatives has yet to be fully explored and understood. The impact of stress and prediabetes on the cardiovascular response needs to be investigated. This study sought to review the potential impact of prediabetes on the POMC derivatives and pathways that could lead to MI.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/314pro-opiomelanocortincatecholaminesglucocorticoidsopioidstype 2 diabetesprediabetes |
| spellingShingle | Nompumelelo Anna-Cletta Gumede Andile Khathi The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with Prediabetes Biomedicines pro-opiomelanocortin catecholamines glucocorticoids opioids type 2 diabetes prediabetes |
| title | The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with Prediabetes |
| title_full | The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with Prediabetes |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with Prediabetes |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with Prediabetes |
| title_short | The Role of Pro-Opiomelanocortin Derivatives in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Possible Links with Prediabetes |
| title_sort | role of pro opiomelanocortin derivatives in the development of type 2 diabetes associated myocardial infarction possible links with prediabetes |
| topic | pro-opiomelanocortin catecholamines glucocorticoids opioids type 2 diabetes prediabetes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/2/314 |
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