Against the Resilience of High-Grade Gliomas: The Immunotherapeutic Approach (Part I)
The resilience of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) against conventional chemotherapies is due to their heterogeneous genetic landscape, adaptive phenotypic changes, and immune escape mechanisms. Innovative immunotherapies have been developed to counteract the immunosuppressive capability of gliomas. Nevert...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/386 |
| _version_ | 1827697285243338752 |
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| author | Alice Giotta Lucifero Sabino Luzzi |
| author_facet | Alice Giotta Lucifero Sabino Luzzi |
| author_sort | Alice Giotta Lucifero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The resilience of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) against conventional chemotherapies is due to their heterogeneous genetic landscape, adaptive phenotypic changes, and immune escape mechanisms. Innovative immunotherapies have been developed to counteract the immunosuppressive capability of gliomas. Nevertheless, further research is needed to assess the efficacy of the immuno-based approach. The aim of this study is to review the newest immunotherapeutic approaches for glioma, focusing on the drug types, mechanisms of action, clinical pieces of evidence, and future challenges. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis)-based literature search was performed on PubMed/Medline and ClinicalTrials.gov databases using the keywords “active/adoptive immunotherapy,” “monoclonal antibodies,” “vaccine,” and “engineered T cell.”, combined with “malignant brain tumor”, “high-grade glioma.” Only articles written in English published in the last 10 years were selected, filtered based on best relevance. Active immunotherapies include systemic temozolomide, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines. In several preclinical and clinical trials, adoptive immunotherapies, including T, natural killer, and natural killer T engineered cells, have been shown to be potential treatment options for relapsing gliomas. Systemic temozolomide is considered the backbone for newly diagnosed HGGs. Bevacizumab and rindopepimut are promising second-line treatments. Adoptive immunotherapies have been proven for relapsing tumors, but further evidence is needed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:06:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9054d29b152945b89b79a6bef9d258a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:06:56Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-9054d29b152945b89b79a6bef9d258a62023-11-21T11:05:51ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252021-03-0111338610.3390/brainsci11030386Against the Resilience of High-Grade Gliomas: The Immunotherapeutic Approach (Part I)Alice Giotta Lucifero0Sabino Luzzi1Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyNeurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyThe resilience of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) against conventional chemotherapies is due to their heterogeneous genetic landscape, adaptive phenotypic changes, and immune escape mechanisms. Innovative immunotherapies have been developed to counteract the immunosuppressive capability of gliomas. Nevertheless, further research is needed to assess the efficacy of the immuno-based approach. The aim of this study is to review the newest immunotherapeutic approaches for glioma, focusing on the drug types, mechanisms of action, clinical pieces of evidence, and future challenges. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis)-based literature search was performed on PubMed/Medline and ClinicalTrials.gov databases using the keywords “active/adoptive immunotherapy,” “monoclonal antibodies,” “vaccine,” and “engineered T cell.”, combined with “malignant brain tumor”, “high-grade glioma.” Only articles written in English published in the last 10 years were selected, filtered based on best relevance. Active immunotherapies include systemic temozolomide, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines. In several preclinical and clinical trials, adoptive immunotherapies, including T, natural killer, and natural killer T engineered cells, have been shown to be potential treatment options for relapsing gliomas. Systemic temozolomide is considered the backbone for newly diagnosed HGGs. Bevacizumab and rindopepimut are promising second-line treatments. Adoptive immunotherapies have been proven for relapsing tumors, but further evidence is needed.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/386bevacizumabCAR T cellcell-based therapyglioblastomaimmunotherapymalignant brain tumor |
| spellingShingle | Alice Giotta Lucifero Sabino Luzzi Against the Resilience of High-Grade Gliomas: The Immunotherapeutic Approach (Part I) Brain Sciences bevacizumab CAR T cell cell-based therapy glioblastoma immunotherapy malignant brain tumor |
| title | Against the Resilience of High-Grade Gliomas: The Immunotherapeutic Approach (Part I) |
| title_full | Against the Resilience of High-Grade Gliomas: The Immunotherapeutic Approach (Part I) |
| title_fullStr | Against the Resilience of High-Grade Gliomas: The Immunotherapeutic Approach (Part I) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Against the Resilience of High-Grade Gliomas: The Immunotherapeutic Approach (Part I) |
| title_short | Against the Resilience of High-Grade Gliomas: The Immunotherapeutic Approach (Part I) |
| title_sort | against the resilience of high grade gliomas the immunotherapeutic approach part i |
| topic | bevacizumab CAR T cell cell-based therapy glioblastoma immunotherapy malignant brain tumor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/386 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alicegiottalucifero againsttheresilienceofhighgradegliomastheimmunotherapeuticapproachparti AT sabinoluzzi againsttheresilienceofhighgradegliomastheimmunotherapeuticapproachparti |