Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
Ultrasound-assisted extraction was used to extract propolis from a dark and resinous substance harvested from a beehive of <i>Heterotrigona itama,</i> which is commonly known as stingless bees. The propolis extracts were prepared using ethanol and water at different pH values of 3, 6, an...
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | AgriEngineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/2/2/20 |
| _version_ | 1797567302193905664 |
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| author | Fung Chun Chong Lee Suan Chua |
| author_facet | Fung Chun Chong Lee Suan Chua |
| author_sort | Fung Chun Chong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ultrasound-assisted extraction was used to extract propolis from a dark and resinous substance harvested from a beehive of <i>Heterotrigona itama,</i> which is commonly known as stingless bees. The propolis extracts were prepared using ethanol and water at different pH values of 3, 6, and 9. The yield of the ethanolic extract was significantly higher than the water extract, but there were no significant differences at different pH values. The ethanolic extract was found to have a lower 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than the water extract at pH values of 6 and 9. However, the acidic propolis extracts, particularly the ethanolic extract, were found to have the highest antioxidant capacity. The addition of 20% polyethylene glycol 400 in the solvent systems was unlikely to improve propolis extraction. This can be seen from the antioxidant capacity and metabolite profile of the propolis extracts. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based high throughput screening of the propolis extracts showed them to have small metabolites of hydrocarbons, esters, terpenes, and alkaloids, as well as high antioxidative 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The detection of mangostin, mangiferin, and a few flavanones in the acidic ethanolic extract by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry LC–MS/MS proved its high antioxidant capacity compared to the water extract. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:40:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-906ba0407cb041e0b43f716510311b7c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2624-7402 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:40:46Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | AgriEngineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-906ba0407cb041e0b43f716510311b7c2023-11-20T01:18:57ZengMDPI AGAgriEngineering2624-74022020-05-012230831610.3390/agriengineering2020020Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted ExtractionFung Chun Chong0Lee Suan Chua1Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaDepartment of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaUltrasound-assisted extraction was used to extract propolis from a dark and resinous substance harvested from a beehive of <i>Heterotrigona itama,</i> which is commonly known as stingless bees. The propolis extracts were prepared using ethanol and water at different pH values of 3, 6, and 9. The yield of the ethanolic extract was significantly higher than the water extract, but there were no significant differences at different pH values. The ethanolic extract was found to have a lower 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than the water extract at pH values of 6 and 9. However, the acidic propolis extracts, particularly the ethanolic extract, were found to have the highest antioxidant capacity. The addition of 20% polyethylene glycol 400 in the solvent systems was unlikely to improve propolis extraction. This can be seen from the antioxidant capacity and metabolite profile of the propolis extracts. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based high throughput screening of the propolis extracts showed them to have small metabolites of hydrocarbons, esters, terpenes, and alkaloids, as well as high antioxidative 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The detection of mangostin, mangiferin, and a few flavanones in the acidic ethanolic extract by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry LC–MS/MS proved its high antioxidant capacity compared to the water extract.https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/2/2/20<i>Heterotrigona itama</i>stingless beespropolisultrasound-assisted extraction2,4-di-tert-butylphenolmangostin |
| spellingShingle | Fung Chun Chong Lee Suan Chua Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction AgriEngineering <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> stingless bees propolis ultrasound-assisted extraction 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol mangostin |
| title | Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_full | Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_short | Effects of Solvent and pH on Stingless Bee Propolis in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_sort | effects of solvent and ph on stingless bee propolis in ultrasound assisted extraction |
| topic | <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> stingless bees propolis ultrasound-assisted extraction 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol mangostin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/2/2/20 |
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