Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in Khartoum, Sudan
Background: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD, Gumboro disease) has become more severe than in early outbreaks in the 1980s. The present research aims to study the epidemiology of IBD in Khartoum state and compare some commonly used laboratory techniques for diagnosis Methods: We collected epidemiolog...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Tripoli University
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Open Veterinary Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/OVJ-2021-10-204%20M.G.%20Omer%20and%20A.I.%20Khalafalla.pdf |
| _version_ | 1818297343559073792 |
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| author | Mohammed Gasim Omer Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla |
| author_facet | Mohammed Gasim Omer Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla |
| author_sort | Mohammed Gasim Omer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD, Gumboro disease) has become more severe than in early outbreaks in the 1980s. The present research aims to study the epidemiology of IBD in Khartoum state and compare some commonly used laboratory techniques for diagnosis
Methods: We collected epidemiological data from thirty farms that showed signs suggestive of IBD, estimated the morbidity and mortality rates, and interviewed the owners about the type and the doses of the used vaccines. We collected bursas of Fabricius for virus assays and histopathology. Samples positive in the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test were inoculated onto chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture and embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). Twenty-two-day-old chicks were infected experimentally with three selected isolates, and morbidity and mortality rates were compared.
Results: The results showed that 70% of outbreaks occurred between 6-8 weeks of age, and the mean mortality rate was 51%. Epidemiologic, clinical, gross, and histopathological findings were characteristic of the severe disease caused by the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV). The farms that used intermediate or the intermediate plus vaccines had lowered mortality compared with the farms that used intermediate vaccines. The AGID was found more sensitive than the counter-immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP) since it detected 83.4% of the IBDV antigen in the samples while the CIEP detected 66.7% of the samples. The RT-PCR was found to be rapid, specific, and was more sensitive detecting 100% of the tested samples. Virus isolation in embryonated eggs and cell culture was not successful.
Conclusion: A vvIBDV is responsible for the recent outbreaks of the disease in Sudan, resulting in a mean high mortality rate of 51%, even in vaccinated flocks. The RT-PCR and AGID are the best methods for laboratory confirmation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T04:17:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-906dcb59b6d04a3bb82f7d1e56b15c70 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2226-4485 2218-6050 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T04:17:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Tripoli University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Open Veterinary Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-906dcb59b6d04a3bb82f7d1e56b15c702022-12-21T23:59:50ZengTripoli UniversityOpen Veterinary Journal2226-44852218-60502022-01-01121334310.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i1.5Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in Khartoum, SudanMohammed Gasim Omer0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2087-0834Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9156-1361Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314 Khartoum North, SudanDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314 Khartoum North, Sudan and Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, P. O. Box 52150 Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesBackground: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD, Gumboro disease) has become more severe than in early outbreaks in the 1980s. The present research aims to study the epidemiology of IBD in Khartoum state and compare some commonly used laboratory techniques for diagnosis Methods: We collected epidemiological data from thirty farms that showed signs suggestive of IBD, estimated the morbidity and mortality rates, and interviewed the owners about the type and the doses of the used vaccines. We collected bursas of Fabricius for virus assays and histopathology. Samples positive in the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test were inoculated onto chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture and embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). Twenty-two-day-old chicks were infected experimentally with three selected isolates, and morbidity and mortality rates were compared. Results: The results showed that 70% of outbreaks occurred between 6-8 weeks of age, and the mean mortality rate was 51%. Epidemiologic, clinical, gross, and histopathological findings were characteristic of the severe disease caused by the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV). The farms that used intermediate or the intermediate plus vaccines had lowered mortality compared with the farms that used intermediate vaccines. The AGID was found more sensitive than the counter-immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP) since it detected 83.4% of the IBDV antigen in the samples while the CIEP detected 66.7% of the samples. The RT-PCR was found to be rapid, specific, and was more sensitive detecting 100% of the tested samples. Virus isolation in embryonated eggs and cell culture was not successful. Conclusion: A vvIBDV is responsible for the recent outbreaks of the disease in Sudan, resulting in a mean high mortality rate of 51%, even in vaccinated flocks. The RT-PCR and AGID are the best methods for laboratory confirmation.https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/OVJ-2021-10-204%20M.G.%20Omer%20and%20A.I.%20Khalafalla.pdfinfectious bursal diseasesudanepidemiologylaboratory techniques |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Gasim Omer Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in Khartoum, Sudan Open Veterinary Journal infectious bursal disease sudan epidemiology laboratory techniques |
| title | Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in Khartoum, Sudan |
| title_full | Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in Khartoum, Sudan |
| title_fullStr | Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in Khartoum, Sudan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in Khartoum, Sudan |
| title_short | Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in Khartoum, Sudan |
| title_sort | epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in vaccinated chickens in khartoum sudan |
| topic | infectious bursal disease sudan epidemiology laboratory techniques |
| url | https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/OVJ-2021-10-204%20M.G.%20Omer%20and%20A.I.%20Khalafalla.pdf |
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