The Presence of a Substrate Strengthens The Jet Generated by Upside-Down Jellyfish
Upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea, are prevalent in warm and shallow parts of the oceans throughout the world. They are unique among jellyfish in that they rest upside down against the substrate and extend their oral arms upwards. This configuration allows them to continually pull water along the sub...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.847061/full |
| _version_ | 1817989939580633088 |
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| author | Nicholas Battista Manikantam G. Gaddam Christina L. Hamlet Alexander P. Hoover Laura A. Miller Arvind Santhanakrishnan |
| author_facet | Nicholas Battista Manikantam G. Gaddam Christina L. Hamlet Alexander P. Hoover Laura A. Miller Arvind Santhanakrishnan |
| author_sort | Nicholas Battista |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea, are prevalent in warm and shallow parts of the oceans throughout the world. They are unique among jellyfish in that they rest upside down against the substrate and extend their oral arms upwards. This configuration allows them to continually pull water along the substrate, through their oral arms, and up into the water column for feeding, nutrient and gas exchange, and waste removal. Although the hydrodynamics of the pulsation of jellyfish bells has been studied in many contexts, it is not clear how the presence or absence of the substrate alters the bulk flow patterns generated by Cassiopea medusae. In this paper, we use three-dimensional (3D) particle tracking velocimetry and 3D immersed boundary simulations to characterize the flow generated by upside-down jellyfish. In both cases, the oral arms are removed, which allows us to isolate the effect of the substrate. The experimental results are used to validate numerical simulations, and the numerical simulations show that the presence of the substrate enhances the generation of vortices, which in turn augments the upward velocities of the resulting jets. Furthermore, the presence of the substrate creates a flow pattern where the water volume within the bell is ejected with each pulse cycle. These results suggest that the positioning of the upside-down jellyfish such that its bell is pressed against the ocean floor is beneficial for augmenting vertical flow and increasing the volume of water sampled during each pulse. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:53:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-907c5407badf4d55bdefef17cd4a7013 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:53:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-907c5407badf4d55bdefef17cd4a70132022-12-22T02:21:42ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452022-05-01910.3389/fmars.2022.847061847061The Presence of a Substrate Strengthens The Jet Generated by Upside-Down JellyfishNicholas Battista0Manikantam G. Gaddam1Christina L. Hamlet2Alexander P. Hoover3Laura A. Miller4Arvind Santhanakrishnan5Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United StatesSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United StatesDepartment of Mathematics, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, United StatesDepartment of Mathematics, University of Akron, Akron, OH, United StatesDepartment of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United StatesSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United StatesUpside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea, are prevalent in warm and shallow parts of the oceans throughout the world. They are unique among jellyfish in that they rest upside down against the substrate and extend their oral arms upwards. This configuration allows them to continually pull water along the substrate, through their oral arms, and up into the water column for feeding, nutrient and gas exchange, and waste removal. Although the hydrodynamics of the pulsation of jellyfish bells has been studied in many contexts, it is not clear how the presence or absence of the substrate alters the bulk flow patterns generated by Cassiopea medusae. In this paper, we use three-dimensional (3D) particle tracking velocimetry and 3D immersed boundary simulations to characterize the flow generated by upside-down jellyfish. In both cases, the oral arms are removed, which allows us to isolate the effect of the substrate. The experimental results are used to validate numerical simulations, and the numerical simulations show that the presence of the substrate enhances the generation of vortices, which in turn augments the upward velocities of the resulting jets. Furthermore, the presence of the substrate creates a flow pattern where the water volume within the bell is ejected with each pulse cycle. These results suggest that the positioning of the upside-down jellyfish such that its bell is pressed against the ocean floor is beneficial for augmenting vertical flow and increasing the volume of water sampled during each pulse.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.847061/fullcassiopeabenthic boundary layerfluid dynamicsparticle tracking velocimetryshake the boximmersed boundary method |
| spellingShingle | Nicholas Battista Manikantam G. Gaddam Christina L. Hamlet Alexander P. Hoover Laura A. Miller Arvind Santhanakrishnan The Presence of a Substrate Strengthens The Jet Generated by Upside-Down Jellyfish Frontiers in Marine Science cassiopea benthic boundary layer fluid dynamics particle tracking velocimetry shake the box immersed boundary method |
| title | The Presence of a Substrate Strengthens The Jet Generated by Upside-Down Jellyfish |
| title_full | The Presence of a Substrate Strengthens The Jet Generated by Upside-Down Jellyfish |
| title_fullStr | The Presence of a Substrate Strengthens The Jet Generated by Upside-Down Jellyfish |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Presence of a Substrate Strengthens The Jet Generated by Upside-Down Jellyfish |
| title_short | The Presence of a Substrate Strengthens The Jet Generated by Upside-Down Jellyfish |
| title_sort | presence of a substrate strengthens the jet generated by upside down jellyfish |
| topic | cassiopea benthic boundary layer fluid dynamics particle tracking velocimetry shake the box immersed boundary method |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.847061/full |
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