Thermobiological effects of temperature‐induced color variations in Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
Abstract Coloration of animals is important for camouflage, for social behavior, or for physiological fitness. This study investigates the color variation in adults of Aglais urticae obtained on subjecting some pre‐imaginal stages to different temperature conditions and their thermobiological conseq...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Ecology and Evolution |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8992 |
| _version_ | 1818237017078628352 |
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| author | Gregor Markl Shannon Ottmann Tobias Haasis Daniela Budach Stefanie Krais Heinz‐R. Köhler |
| author_facet | Gregor Markl Shannon Ottmann Tobias Haasis Daniela Budach Stefanie Krais Heinz‐R. Köhler |
| author_sort | Gregor Markl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Coloration of animals is important for camouflage, for social behavior, or for physiological fitness. This study investigates the color variation in adults of Aglais urticae obtained on subjecting some pre‐imaginal stages to different temperature conditions and their thermobiological consequences. To investigate the evolutionary–ecological interactions of temperature and pigmentation in butterflies, caterpillars, and pupae of the small tortoiseshell, Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), larvae from Central Europe and Scandinavia were reared at temperatures between 7 and 34°C in the laboratory or in the field. After emergence, the intensity of pigmentation of the imagines and their increase in body temperature under defined full‐spectrum light irradiation were quantified by image analysis and thermal imaging. At constant conditions, ambient rearing temperature and pigmentation intensity of imagines were negatively and linearly correlated in Central European butterflies, regardless of whether the pupal stage alone or, additionally, the last period of the larval stage was exposed to these conditions: low temperatures induced darker coloration and high temperatures led to lighter individuals. A thermal pulse of a few days alone at the beginning of pupal dormancy led to a similar, albeit weakened, effect. Caterpillars of the Scandinavian subspecies A. urticae polaris, whose pupal dormancy took place under Central European field conditions, developed into strongly pigmented imagines. The thermobiological relevance of more intense pigmentation was shown by significantly higher absorption of light, and thus stronger increased body temperature after 5 min of defined illumination, but this difference ceased after 15 min. Our results show that phenotypic plasticity in wing coloration is adaptive since temperature‐induced developmental changes provide thermobiological benefit in adult butterflies. We propose that, in subpolar latitudes, darker coloration likely has a selection advantage favoring individuals with reaction norms gradually shifted to stronger pigmented phenotypes, possibly leading to the establishment of a pigmentation cline. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T12:19:04Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-7758 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T12:19:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj.art-907cd3071b6d484389da78e62e13c3bb2022-12-22T00:24:42ZengWileyEcology and Evolution2045-77582022-06-01126n/an/a10.1002/ece3.8992Thermobiological effects of temperature‐induced color variations in Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)Gregor Markl0Shannon Ottmann1Tobias Haasis2Daniela Budach3Stefanie Krais4Heinz‐R. Köhler5Department of Geosciences University of Tübingen Tübingen GermanyAnimal Physiological Ecology Group Institute of Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen GermanyAnimal Physiological Ecology Group Institute of Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen GermanyDepartment of Geosciences University of Tübingen Tübingen GermanyAnimal Physiological Ecology Group Institute of Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen GermanyAnimal Physiological Ecology Group Institute of Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen GermanyAbstract Coloration of animals is important for camouflage, for social behavior, or for physiological fitness. This study investigates the color variation in adults of Aglais urticae obtained on subjecting some pre‐imaginal stages to different temperature conditions and their thermobiological consequences. To investigate the evolutionary–ecological interactions of temperature and pigmentation in butterflies, caterpillars, and pupae of the small tortoiseshell, Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), larvae from Central Europe and Scandinavia were reared at temperatures between 7 and 34°C in the laboratory or in the field. After emergence, the intensity of pigmentation of the imagines and their increase in body temperature under defined full‐spectrum light irradiation were quantified by image analysis and thermal imaging. At constant conditions, ambient rearing temperature and pigmentation intensity of imagines were negatively and linearly correlated in Central European butterflies, regardless of whether the pupal stage alone or, additionally, the last period of the larval stage was exposed to these conditions: low temperatures induced darker coloration and high temperatures led to lighter individuals. A thermal pulse of a few days alone at the beginning of pupal dormancy led to a similar, albeit weakened, effect. Caterpillars of the Scandinavian subspecies A. urticae polaris, whose pupal dormancy took place under Central European field conditions, developed into strongly pigmented imagines. The thermobiological relevance of more intense pigmentation was shown by significantly higher absorption of light, and thus stronger increased body temperature after 5 min of defined illumination, but this difference ceased after 15 min. Our results show that phenotypic plasticity in wing coloration is adaptive since temperature‐induced developmental changes provide thermobiological benefit in adult butterflies. We propose that, in subpolar latitudes, darker coloration likely has a selection advantage favoring individuals with reaction norms gradually shifted to stronger pigmented phenotypes, possibly leading to the establishment of a pigmentation cline.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8992climatecolorationLepidopteramelanismphysiological effectselection |
| spellingShingle | Gregor Markl Shannon Ottmann Tobias Haasis Daniela Budach Stefanie Krais Heinz‐R. Köhler Thermobiological effects of temperature‐induced color variations in Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Ecology and Evolution climate coloration Lepidoptera melanism physiological effect selection |
| title | Thermobiological effects of temperature‐induced color variations in Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) |
| title_full | Thermobiological effects of temperature‐induced color variations in Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) |
| title_fullStr | Thermobiological effects of temperature‐induced color variations in Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermobiological effects of temperature‐induced color variations in Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) |
| title_short | Thermobiological effects of temperature‐induced color variations in Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) |
| title_sort | thermobiological effects of temperature induced color variations in aglais urticae lepidoptera nymphalidae |
| topic | climate coloration Lepidoptera melanism physiological effect selection |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8992 |
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