Speed Matters in Nordic Hamstring Exercise: Higher Peak Knee Flexor Force during Fast Stretch-Shortening Variant Compared to Standard Slow Eccentric Execution in Elite Athletes
Hamstring strain injuries are prevalent in many sports. Research has demonstrated that the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), a knee-dominant exercise addressing the posterior chain muscles, can aid in reducing the risk of hamstring injuries in athletes. However, most research on hamstring injury prev...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Sports |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/7/130 |
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| author | Jesper Augustsson Tobias Alt Håkan Andersson |
| author_facet | Jesper Augustsson Tobias Alt Håkan Andersson |
| author_sort | Jesper Augustsson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hamstring strain injuries are prevalent in many sports. Research has demonstrated that the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), a knee-dominant exercise addressing the posterior chain muscles, can aid in reducing the risk of hamstring injuries in athletes. However, most research on hamstring injury prevention has focused on performing the eccentric version of the NHE (NHE<sub>ECC</sub>). In contrast, in sports, it is quite frequent for athletes to use an eccentric–concentric version of the NHE. Additionally, eccentric NHE is typically performed using a slow, controlled tempo. The effect of a fast stretch-shortening cycle NHE (NHE<sub>SSC</sub>) compared to standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub> on peak knee flexor force has not been investigated. The aim of the study was therefore to investigate fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> vs. standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub>. Our hypothesis posited that peak knee flexor force would be greater for fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> compared with standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub>. The study involved 22 elite athletes (actively competing in both national and international events) consisting of female (<i>n</i> = 10) and male (<i>n</i> = 7) track and field athletes and male football players (<i>n</i> = 5), aged 17–31 years. The participants performed maximum trials of slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub> and fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> repetitions in which measurement of bilateral peak knee flexor force was conducted at the ankle with the use of a load cell. During the NHEs, a linear encoder was used to measure both the position where the peak knee flexor force was recorded and the average eccentric velocity. SSC contributed to an enhanced NHE performance, where bilateral absolute peak knee flexor force was 13% higher for fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> vs. standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub> (822 vs. 726 N, <i>p</i> < 0.01, ES = 0.54). Participants achieved a 32% greater forward distance at the breakpoint stage during NHE<sub>ECC</sub> compared to the coupling phase for NHE<sub>SSC</sub> (54 vs. 41 cm, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ES = 1.37). Eccentric average velocity was more than three times higher for NHE<sub>SSC</sub> compared with NHE<sub>ECC</sub> (0.38 vs. 0.12 m/s, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ES = 3.25). The key findings of this study were that SSC contributed to an enhanced NHE performance, where absolute peak knee flexor force was 13% greater for fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> compared to standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub>. The fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> could therefore be an interesting alternative to the standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub> execution, as it may offer potential advantages for sprint performance, as well as hamstring injury prevention and rehabilitation. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-9096f22a1e3542848ff7eb89d262a6c52023-11-18T21:22:44ZengMDPI AGSports2075-46632023-07-0111713010.3390/sports11070130Speed Matters in Nordic Hamstring Exercise: Higher Peak Knee Flexor Force during Fast Stretch-Shortening Variant Compared to Standard Slow Eccentric Execution in Elite AthletesJesper Augustsson0Tobias Alt1Håkan Andersson2Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, SwedenDepartment of Biomechanics, Performance Analysis and Strength & Conditioning, Olympic Training and Testing Centre Westphalia, 44139 Dortmund, GermanyHigh Performance Center, Strength and Conditioning Institute, 35246 Vaxjo, SwedenHamstring strain injuries are prevalent in many sports. Research has demonstrated that the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), a knee-dominant exercise addressing the posterior chain muscles, can aid in reducing the risk of hamstring injuries in athletes. However, most research on hamstring injury prevention has focused on performing the eccentric version of the NHE (NHE<sub>ECC</sub>). In contrast, in sports, it is quite frequent for athletes to use an eccentric–concentric version of the NHE. Additionally, eccentric NHE is typically performed using a slow, controlled tempo. The effect of a fast stretch-shortening cycle NHE (NHE<sub>SSC</sub>) compared to standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub> on peak knee flexor force has not been investigated. The aim of the study was therefore to investigate fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> vs. standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub>. Our hypothesis posited that peak knee flexor force would be greater for fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> compared with standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub>. The study involved 22 elite athletes (actively competing in both national and international events) consisting of female (<i>n</i> = 10) and male (<i>n</i> = 7) track and field athletes and male football players (<i>n</i> = 5), aged 17–31 years. The participants performed maximum trials of slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub> and fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> repetitions in which measurement of bilateral peak knee flexor force was conducted at the ankle with the use of a load cell. During the NHEs, a linear encoder was used to measure both the position where the peak knee flexor force was recorded and the average eccentric velocity. SSC contributed to an enhanced NHE performance, where bilateral absolute peak knee flexor force was 13% higher for fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> vs. standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub> (822 vs. 726 N, <i>p</i> < 0.01, ES = 0.54). Participants achieved a 32% greater forward distance at the breakpoint stage during NHE<sub>ECC</sub> compared to the coupling phase for NHE<sub>SSC</sub> (54 vs. 41 cm, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ES = 1.37). Eccentric average velocity was more than three times higher for NHE<sub>SSC</sub> compared with NHE<sub>ECC</sub> (0.38 vs. 0.12 m/s, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ES = 3.25). The key findings of this study were that SSC contributed to an enhanced NHE performance, where absolute peak knee flexor force was 13% greater for fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> compared to standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub>. The fast NHE<sub>SSC</sub> could therefore be an interesting alternative to the standard slow NHE<sub>ECC</sub> execution, as it may offer potential advantages for sprint performance, as well as hamstring injury prevention and rehabilitation.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/7/130eccentricconcentricstrength trainingknee flexor strengthinjury prevention |
| spellingShingle | Jesper Augustsson Tobias Alt Håkan Andersson Speed Matters in Nordic Hamstring Exercise: Higher Peak Knee Flexor Force during Fast Stretch-Shortening Variant Compared to Standard Slow Eccentric Execution in Elite Athletes Sports eccentric concentric strength training knee flexor strength injury prevention |
| title | Speed Matters in Nordic Hamstring Exercise: Higher Peak Knee Flexor Force during Fast Stretch-Shortening Variant Compared to Standard Slow Eccentric Execution in Elite Athletes |
| title_full | Speed Matters in Nordic Hamstring Exercise: Higher Peak Knee Flexor Force during Fast Stretch-Shortening Variant Compared to Standard Slow Eccentric Execution in Elite Athletes |
| title_fullStr | Speed Matters in Nordic Hamstring Exercise: Higher Peak Knee Flexor Force during Fast Stretch-Shortening Variant Compared to Standard Slow Eccentric Execution in Elite Athletes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Speed Matters in Nordic Hamstring Exercise: Higher Peak Knee Flexor Force during Fast Stretch-Shortening Variant Compared to Standard Slow Eccentric Execution in Elite Athletes |
| title_short | Speed Matters in Nordic Hamstring Exercise: Higher Peak Knee Flexor Force during Fast Stretch-Shortening Variant Compared to Standard Slow Eccentric Execution in Elite Athletes |
| title_sort | speed matters in nordic hamstring exercise higher peak knee flexor force during fast stretch shortening variant compared to standard slow eccentric execution in elite athletes |
| topic | eccentric concentric strength training knee flexor strength injury prevention |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/7/130 |
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