Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective
Nowadays, due to the decreasing use of traditional generators in favor of renewable energy sources, power grids are facing a reduction of system inertia and primary frequency regulation capability. Such an issue is exacerbated by the continuously increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs), which r...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-09-01
|
| Series: | Energies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/17/4586 |
| _version_ | 1797554649259048960 |
|---|---|
| author | Paolo Scarabaggio Raffaele Carli Graziana Cavone Mariagrazia Dotoli |
| author_facet | Paolo Scarabaggio Raffaele Carli Graziana Cavone Mariagrazia Dotoli |
| author_sort | Paolo Scarabaggio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nowadays, due to the decreasing use of traditional generators in favor of renewable energy sources, power grids are facing a reduction of system inertia and primary frequency regulation capability. Such an issue is exacerbated by the continuously increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs), which results in enforcing novel approaches in the grid operations management. However, from being an issue, the increase of EVs may turn to be a solution to several power system challenges. In this context, a crucial role is played by the so-called vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode of operation, which has the potential to provide ancillary services to the power grid, such as peak clipping, load shifting, and frequency regulation. More in detail, EVs have recently started to be effectively used for one of the most traditional frequency regulation approaches: the so-called frequency droop control (FDC). This is a primary frequency regulation, currently obtained by adjusting the active power of generators in the main grid. Because to the decommissioning of traditional power plants, EVs are thus recognized as particularly valuable solutions since they can respond to frequency deviation signals by charging or discharging their batteries. Against this background, we address frequency regulation of a power grid model including loads, traditional generators, and several EVs. The latter independently participate in the grid optimization process providing the grid with ancillary services, namely the FDC. We propose two novel control strategies for the optimal control of the batteries of EVs during the frequency regulation service. On the one hand, the control strategies ensure re-balancing the power and stabilizing the frequency of the main grid. On the other hand, the approaches are able to satisfy different types of needs of EVs during the charging process. Differently from the related literature, where the EVs perspective is generally oriented to achieve the optimal charge level, the proposed approaches aim at minimizing the degradation of battery devices. Finally, the proposed strategies are compared with other state-of-the-art V2G control approaches. The results of numerical experiments using a realistic power grid model show the effectiveness of the proposed strategies under the actual operating conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:35:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-909d1a3129594edf958755b243c4ef91 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:35:01Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-909d1a3129594edf958755b243c4ef912023-11-20T12:31:43ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732020-09-011317458610.3390/en13174586Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation PerspectivePaolo Scarabaggio0Raffaele Carli1Graziana Cavone2Mariagrazia Dotoli3Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, ItalyNowadays, due to the decreasing use of traditional generators in favor of renewable energy sources, power grids are facing a reduction of system inertia and primary frequency regulation capability. Such an issue is exacerbated by the continuously increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs), which results in enforcing novel approaches in the grid operations management. However, from being an issue, the increase of EVs may turn to be a solution to several power system challenges. In this context, a crucial role is played by the so-called vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode of operation, which has the potential to provide ancillary services to the power grid, such as peak clipping, load shifting, and frequency regulation. More in detail, EVs have recently started to be effectively used for one of the most traditional frequency regulation approaches: the so-called frequency droop control (FDC). This is a primary frequency regulation, currently obtained by adjusting the active power of generators in the main grid. Because to the decommissioning of traditional power plants, EVs are thus recognized as particularly valuable solutions since they can respond to frequency deviation signals by charging or discharging their batteries. Against this background, we address frequency regulation of a power grid model including loads, traditional generators, and several EVs. The latter independently participate in the grid optimization process providing the grid with ancillary services, namely the FDC. We propose two novel control strategies for the optimal control of the batteries of EVs during the frequency regulation service. On the one hand, the control strategies ensure re-balancing the power and stabilizing the frequency of the main grid. On the other hand, the approaches are able to satisfy different types of needs of EVs during the charging process. Differently from the related literature, where the EVs perspective is generally oriented to achieve the optimal charge level, the proposed approaches aim at minimizing the degradation of battery devices. Finally, the proposed strategies are compared with other state-of-the-art V2G control approaches. The results of numerical experiments using a realistic power grid model show the effectiveness of the proposed strategies under the actual operating conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/17/4586frequency droop control (FDC)vehicle-to-grid (V2G)electric vehicles (EVs)electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) |
| spellingShingle | Paolo Scarabaggio Raffaele Carli Graziana Cavone Mariagrazia Dotoli Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective Energies frequency droop control (FDC) vehicle-to-grid (V2G) electric vehicles (EVs) electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) |
| title | Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective |
| title_full | Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective |
| title_fullStr | Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective |
| title_short | Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective |
| title_sort | smart control strategies for primary frequency regulation through electric vehicles a battery degradation perspective |
| topic | frequency droop control (FDC) vehicle-to-grid (V2G) electric vehicles (EVs) electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/17/4586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT paoloscarabaggio smartcontrolstrategiesforprimaryfrequencyregulationthroughelectricvehiclesabatterydegradationperspective AT raffaelecarli smartcontrolstrategiesforprimaryfrequencyregulationthroughelectricvehiclesabatterydegradationperspective AT grazianacavone smartcontrolstrategiesforprimaryfrequencyregulationthroughelectricvehiclesabatterydegradationperspective AT mariagraziadotoli smartcontrolstrategiesforprimaryfrequencyregulationthroughelectricvehiclesabatterydegradationperspective |