Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Background: The consumption of vegetables is increasing in Ethiopia because of their high health benefits. Smallholder farmers who use water from the Akaki River for irrigation meet more than 60% of the vegetable needs of Addis Ababa. However, the Akaki River is severely polluted by anthropogenic im...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Scientific African |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227622004458 |
| _version_ | 1811159630629306368 |
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| author | Sisay Derso Mengesha Yosef Beyene Asfaw Abel Weldetinsae Kidane Kirubel Tesfaye Teklu Melaku Gizaw Serte Moa Abate Kenea Daniel Abera Dinssa Mesay Getachew Woldegabriel Tsigereda Assefa Alemayehu Aderajew Mekonnen Girmay |
| author_facet | Sisay Derso Mengesha Yosef Beyene Asfaw Abel Weldetinsae Kidane Kirubel Tesfaye Teklu Melaku Gizaw Serte Moa Abate Kenea Daniel Abera Dinssa Mesay Getachew Woldegabriel Tsigereda Assefa Alemayehu Aderajew Mekonnen Girmay |
| author_sort | Sisay Derso Mengesha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The consumption of vegetables is increasing in Ethiopia because of their high health benefits. Smallholder farmers who use water from the Akaki River for irrigation meet more than 60% of the vegetable needs of Addis Ababa. However, the Akaki River is severely polluted by anthropogenic impacts. Hence, the intake of vegetables grown in fecally contaminated water can lead to many health problems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate microbial contamination of irrigation water and vegetables in Addis Ababa. Methods: This study assessed the quality of water and vegetables collected from the Akaki River. Fresh vegetables, such as Ethiopian kale, lettuce, cabbage, and spinach, were collected from 14 farmlands during the dry and wet seasons. The analysis of E. coli non-E. coli, total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and total aerobic plate count (TAC) were determined using standard methods. Results: The findings of this study indicated that all fresh vegetables were contaminated with total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and total aerobic plate counts in both dry and wet seasons. The overall mean counts of E. coli and non-E. coli in the water samples were 2.09 and >3.48 log10 CFU 10 mL−1, respectively. The mean counts of TC, FC, and TAC on the sampled vegetables were 3.22, 1.37, and 4.72 in the dry season, and 3.87, 2.57, and 5.09 log10 CFU per gram in the wet season, respectively. Conclusion: The Akaki River has been contaminated with non-E. Coli & E. coli coliforms, and did not meet the WHO guideline criteria for safe irrigation. The microbial contamination of vegetables was found to be high and exceeded the hazard analysis and critical control points for total quality management (HACCPTQM) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) limits for safe consumption. Therefore, the local government is responsible for ensuring that farmers can use pollution-reducing irrigation systems and that consumers are aware of the health risks of contaminated vegetables and take appropriate precautions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T05:44:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-90a1b3afe0e94ae4a7ec6712b49de63f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2468-2276 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T05:44:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific African |
| spelling | doaj.art-90a1b3afe0e94ae4a7ec6712b49de63f2023-03-06T04:17:48ZengElsevierScientific African2468-22762023-03-0119e01541Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, EthiopiaSisay Derso Mengesha0Yosef Beyene Asfaw1Abel Weldetinsae Kidane2Kirubel Tesfaye Teklu3Melaku Gizaw Serte4Moa Abate Kenea5Daniel Abera Dinssa6Mesay Getachew Woldegabriel7Tsigereda Assefa Alemayehu8Aderajew Mekonnen Girmay9Corresponding author.; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Gulelle Patriot Street, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaBackground: The consumption of vegetables is increasing in Ethiopia because of their high health benefits. Smallholder farmers who use water from the Akaki River for irrigation meet more than 60% of the vegetable needs of Addis Ababa. However, the Akaki River is severely polluted by anthropogenic impacts. Hence, the intake of vegetables grown in fecally contaminated water can lead to many health problems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate microbial contamination of irrigation water and vegetables in Addis Ababa. Methods: This study assessed the quality of water and vegetables collected from the Akaki River. Fresh vegetables, such as Ethiopian kale, lettuce, cabbage, and spinach, were collected from 14 farmlands during the dry and wet seasons. The analysis of E. coli non-E. coli, total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and total aerobic plate count (TAC) were determined using standard methods. Results: The findings of this study indicated that all fresh vegetables were contaminated with total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and total aerobic plate counts in both dry and wet seasons. The overall mean counts of E. coli and non-E. coli in the water samples were 2.09 and >3.48 log10 CFU 10 mL−1, respectively. The mean counts of TC, FC, and TAC on the sampled vegetables were 3.22, 1.37, and 4.72 in the dry season, and 3.87, 2.57, and 5.09 log10 CFU per gram in the wet season, respectively. Conclusion: The Akaki River has been contaminated with non-E. Coli & E. coli coliforms, and did not meet the WHO guideline criteria for safe irrigation. The microbial contamination of vegetables was found to be high and exceeded the hazard analysis and critical control points for total quality management (HACCPTQM) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) limits for safe consumption. Therefore, the local government is responsible for ensuring that farmers can use pollution-reducing irrigation systems and that consumers are aware of the health risks of contaminated vegetables and take appropriate precautions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227622004458Akaki RiverMicrobial contaminationVegetableFarmlandIrrigationWastewater |
| spellingShingle | Sisay Derso Mengesha Yosef Beyene Asfaw Abel Weldetinsae Kidane Kirubel Tesfaye Teklu Melaku Gizaw Serte Moa Abate Kenea Daniel Abera Dinssa Mesay Getachew Woldegabriel Tsigereda Assefa Alemayehu Aderajew Mekonnen Girmay Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Scientific African Akaki River Microbial contamination Vegetable Farmland Irrigation Wastewater |
| title | Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_full | Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_fullStr | Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_short | Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| title_sort | microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with akaki river in addis ababa ethiopia |
| topic | Akaki River Microbial contamination Vegetable Farmland Irrigation Wastewater |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227622004458 |
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