The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk
The study investigates commercially available negative ion clothing, and evaluations are made using gamma-ray spectroscopy and Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. Observed to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), evaluations are made of the radiological risk arising from the use of th...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/12/5412 |
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| author | Halmat Jalal Hassan Suhairul Hashim Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi David Andrew Bradley Rafael García Tenorio Rozman Mohd Tahar |
| author_facet | Halmat Jalal Hassan Suhairul Hashim Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi David Andrew Bradley Rafael García Tenorio Rozman Mohd Tahar |
| author_sort | Halmat Jalal Hassan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The study investigates commercially available negative ion clothing, and evaluations are made using gamma-ray spectroscopy and Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. Observed to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), evaluations are made of the radiological risk arising from the use of these as items of everyday wear, undergarments in particular. Organ doses from these were simulated using the MIRD5 mathematical female phantom, with the incorporation of dose conversion factors (DCFs). At 175 ± 26, 1732 ± 247, and 207 ± 38 Bq, for <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K respectively, item code S05 was found to possess the greatest activity, while item code S07 was shown to have the least activity, at 2 ± 0.5 and 15 ± 2 Bq, and again for <sup>238</sup>U and <sup>232</sup>Th, respectively. Sample code S11 recorded least activity, at 29 ± 5 Bq, for <sup>40</sup>K. Among the clothing items, sample item code S05 offered the greatest concentrations of Th, U and Zr, with percentage means of 1.23 ± 0.1, 0.045 ± 0.001, and 1.29 ± 0.1, respectively, giving rise to an annual effective dose of 1.57 mSv/y assuming a nominal wearing period of 24 h per day. Accordingly, the annual public dose limit of 1 mSv can be exceeded by their use. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:31:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-90a1e908f7c24949bd8a10b9a44dd970 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:31:24Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-90a1e908f7c24949bd8a10b9a44dd9702023-11-21T23:36:46ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-06-011112541210.3390/app11125412The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant RiskHalmat Jalal Hassan0Suhairul Hashim1Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah2Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi3Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi4David Andrew Bradley5Rafael García Tenorio6Rozman Mohd Tahar7Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, MalaysiaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, MalaysiaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, MalaysiaSchool of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, MalaysiaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, MalaysiaSchool of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Applied Physics II, ETSA, University of Seville, 41003 Seville, SpainAtomic Energy Licensing Board, Jalan Dengkil, Batu 24, Dengkil 43000, Selangor, MalaysiaThe study investigates commercially available negative ion clothing, and evaluations are made using gamma-ray spectroscopy and Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. Observed to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), evaluations are made of the radiological risk arising from the use of these as items of everyday wear, undergarments in particular. Organ doses from these were simulated using the MIRD5 mathematical female phantom, with the incorporation of dose conversion factors (DCFs). At 175 ± 26, 1732 ± 247, and 207 ± 38 Bq, for <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K respectively, item code S05 was found to possess the greatest activity, while item code S07 was shown to have the least activity, at 2 ± 0.5 and 15 ± 2 Bq, and again for <sup>238</sup>U and <sup>232</sup>Th, respectively. Sample code S11 recorded least activity, at 29 ± 5 Bq, for <sup>40</sup>K. Among the clothing items, sample item code S05 offered the greatest concentrations of Th, U and Zr, with percentage means of 1.23 ± 0.1, 0.045 ± 0.001, and 1.29 ± 0.1, respectively, giving rise to an annual effective dose of 1.57 mSv/y assuming a nominal wearing period of 24 h per day. Accordingly, the annual public dose limit of 1 mSv can be exceeded by their use.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/12/5412consumer productsundergarmentGeant4 Monte Carlo simulationregulations |
| spellingShingle | Halmat Jalal Hassan Suhairul Hashim Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi David Andrew Bradley Rafael García Tenorio Rozman Mohd Tahar The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk Applied Sciences consumer products undergarment Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation regulations |
| title | The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk |
| title_full | The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk |
| title_fullStr | The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk |
| title_short | The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk |
| title_sort | enhanced naturally occurring radioactivity of negative ion clothing and attendant risk |
| topic | consumer products undergarment Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation regulations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/12/5412 |
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