Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice
Progesterone-related diabetes mellitus (PRDM) in dogs is known for its particular potential for diabetes remission. This narrative review aims to provide relevant detailed information on (1) the canine estrus cycle and its impact on canine diabetes mellitus (CDM) etiology and management, (2) the rol...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-03-01
|
| Series: | Animals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/6/890 |
| _version_ | 1797242352864067584 |
|---|---|
| author | Álan Gomes Pöppl José Lucas Xavier Lopes Taís Bock Nogueira Denise Iparraguirre da Silva Bruna dos Santos Machado |
| author_facet | Álan Gomes Pöppl José Lucas Xavier Lopes Taís Bock Nogueira Denise Iparraguirre da Silva Bruna dos Santos Machado |
| author_sort | Álan Gomes Pöppl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Progesterone-related diabetes mellitus (PRDM) in dogs is known for its particular potential for diabetes remission. This narrative review aims to provide relevant detailed information on (1) the canine estrus cycle and its impact on canine diabetes mellitus (CDM) etiology and management, (2) the role of pyometra as a further cause of insulin resistance, and (3) useful individual therapeutic and preventive strategies. PRDM is recognized due to diestrus, exogenous progestogen exposure, pregnancy, and P4-production ovarian dysfunction. Pyometra represents additional inflammatory and septic negative influence on insulin sensitivity, and its diagnosis associated with CDM is therapeutically challenging. The estrus cycle’s hormone fluctuations seem to modulate peripheric insulin sensibility by influencing insulin receptor (IR) affinity and its binding capacity, as well as modulating tyrosine kinase activity. Pyometra was shown to negatively influence IR compensatory mechanisms to insulin resistance causing glucose intolerance. Spaying and pregnancy termination may cause diabetes remission in PRDM cases in a median time of 10 days (1–51). Pharmacological annulment of progesterone effects may benefit patients unable to undergo surgery; however, remission chances are virtually null. The ALIVE (Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology) project proposed new criteria for CDM diagnoses and subclinical diabetes recognition. These new concepts may increase the frequency of a PRDM diagnosis and, even more, its relevance. Spaying represents a preventive measure against pyometra and PRDM that should be individually assessed in light of its recognized benefits and harms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:37:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-90a917336d2949f29cb9f9abb421c670 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:37:52Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-90a917336d2949f29cb9f9abb421c6702024-03-27T13:17:45ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152024-03-0114689010.3390/ani14060890Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in PracticeÁlan Gomes Pöppl0José Lucas Xavier Lopes1Taís Bock Nogueira2Denise Iparraguirre da Silva3Bruna dos Santos Machado4Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, BrazilVeterinary Sciences Post-Graduating Program (PPGCV), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, BrazilVeterinary Sciences Post-Graduating Program (PPGCV), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, BrazilVeterinary Endocrinology and Metabolism Service (SEMV), Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, BrazilVeterinary Endocrinology and Metabolism Service (SEMV), Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, BrazilProgesterone-related diabetes mellitus (PRDM) in dogs is known for its particular potential for diabetes remission. This narrative review aims to provide relevant detailed information on (1) the canine estrus cycle and its impact on canine diabetes mellitus (CDM) etiology and management, (2) the role of pyometra as a further cause of insulin resistance, and (3) useful individual therapeutic and preventive strategies. PRDM is recognized due to diestrus, exogenous progestogen exposure, pregnancy, and P4-production ovarian dysfunction. Pyometra represents additional inflammatory and septic negative influence on insulin sensitivity, and its diagnosis associated with CDM is therapeutically challenging. The estrus cycle’s hormone fluctuations seem to modulate peripheric insulin sensibility by influencing insulin receptor (IR) affinity and its binding capacity, as well as modulating tyrosine kinase activity. Pyometra was shown to negatively influence IR compensatory mechanisms to insulin resistance causing glucose intolerance. Spaying and pregnancy termination may cause diabetes remission in PRDM cases in a median time of 10 days (1–51). Pharmacological annulment of progesterone effects may benefit patients unable to undergo surgery; however, remission chances are virtually null. The ALIVE (Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology) project proposed new criteria for CDM diagnoses and subclinical diabetes recognition. These new concepts may increase the frequency of a PRDM diagnosis and, even more, its relevance. Spaying represents a preventive measure against pyometra and PRDM that should be individually assessed in light of its recognized benefits and harms.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/6/890estrus cyclediestruspregnancygrowth hormoneinsulin resistanceinsulin receptor |
| spellingShingle | Álan Gomes Pöppl José Lucas Xavier Lopes Taís Bock Nogueira Denise Iparraguirre da Silva Bruna dos Santos Machado Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice Animals estrus cycle diestrus pregnancy growth hormone insulin resistance insulin receptor |
| title | Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice |
| title_full | Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice |
| title_fullStr | Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice |
| title_short | Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice |
| title_sort | progesterone related diabetes mellitus in the bitch current knowledge the role of pyometra and relevance in practice |
| topic | estrus cycle diestrus pregnancy growth hormone insulin resistance insulin receptor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/6/890 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alangomespoppl progesteronerelateddiabetesmellitusinthebitchcurrentknowledgetheroleofpyometraandrelevanceinpractice AT joselucasxavierlopes progesteronerelateddiabetesmellitusinthebitchcurrentknowledgetheroleofpyometraandrelevanceinpractice AT taisbocknogueira progesteronerelateddiabetesmellitusinthebitchcurrentknowledgetheroleofpyometraandrelevanceinpractice AT deniseiparraguirredasilva progesteronerelateddiabetesmellitusinthebitchcurrentknowledgetheroleofpyometraandrelevanceinpractice AT brunadossantosmachado progesteronerelateddiabetesmellitusinthebitchcurrentknowledgetheroleofpyometraandrelevanceinpractice |