Acute Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Critical Reappraisal with Focus on Human Studies
Recent attention has been focused on the field of inflammatory biomarkers associated with vascular disorders, regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and possible therapeutical targets. In this study, we aimed to perform a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the use of inflammatory biomarkers i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/10/1103 |
| _version_ | 1797514116896653312 |
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| author | Rafael Azevedo Dias Leonor Dias Elsa Azevedo Pedro Castro |
| author_facet | Rafael Azevedo Dias Leonor Dias Elsa Azevedo Pedro Castro |
| author_sort | Rafael Azevedo Dias |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recent attention has been focused on the field of inflammatory biomarkers associated with vascular disorders, regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and possible therapeutical targets. In this study, we aimed to perform a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the use of inflammatory biomarkers in stroke patients. We searched studies that evaluated inflammation biomarkers associated with Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD), namely, ischemic Stroke (IS), Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT). As of today, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) seems the be the most widely studied and accepted biomarker for cerebrovascular disease due to its easy access and availability. Although demonstrated as a prognostic risk factor, in IS, ICH and CVT, its diagnostic role is still under investigation. Several other prognostic factors could be used or even combined together into a diagnostic or prognostic index. Multiple inflammatory biomarkers appear to be involved in IS, ICH, and CVT. Blood inflammatory cells, easily measured and accessible at admission may provide information regarding accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Although not yet a reality, increasing evidence exists to suggest that these may become potential therapeutic targets, likely influencing or mitigating complications of CVD and improving prognosis. Nevertheless, further larger, well-designed randomized clinical trials are still needed to follow up this hypothesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:27:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-90af2b76c71b40e3a252816f700ccdd9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:27:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-90af2b76c71b40e3a252816f700ccdd92023-11-22T18:53:37ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292021-10-011110110310.3390/life11101103Acute Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Critical Reappraisal with Focus on Human StudiesRafael Azevedo Dias0Leonor Dias1Elsa Azevedo2Pedro Castro3Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, PortugalDepartment of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, PortugalDepartment of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, PortugalDepartment of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, 4200-319 Porto, PortugalRecent attention has been focused on the field of inflammatory biomarkers associated with vascular disorders, regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and possible therapeutical targets. In this study, we aimed to perform a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the use of inflammatory biomarkers in stroke patients. We searched studies that evaluated inflammation biomarkers associated with Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD), namely, ischemic Stroke (IS), Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT). As of today, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) seems the be the most widely studied and accepted biomarker for cerebrovascular disease due to its easy access and availability. Although demonstrated as a prognostic risk factor, in IS, ICH and CVT, its diagnostic role is still under investigation. Several other prognostic factors could be used or even combined together into a diagnostic or prognostic index. Multiple inflammatory biomarkers appear to be involved in IS, ICH, and CVT. Blood inflammatory cells, easily measured and accessible at admission may provide information regarding accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Although not yet a reality, increasing evidence exists to suggest that these may become potential therapeutic targets, likely influencing or mitigating complications of CVD and improving prognosis. Nevertheless, further larger, well-designed randomized clinical trials are still needed to follow up this hypothesis.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/10/1103cerebrovascular diseaseinflammationbiomarkersischemic strokeintracerebral hemorrhagecerebral venous thrombosis |
| spellingShingle | Rafael Azevedo Dias Leonor Dias Elsa Azevedo Pedro Castro Acute Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Critical Reappraisal with Focus on Human Studies Life cerebrovascular disease inflammation biomarkers ischemic stroke intracerebral hemorrhage cerebral venous thrombosis |
| title | Acute Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Critical Reappraisal with Focus on Human Studies |
| title_full | Acute Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Critical Reappraisal with Focus on Human Studies |
| title_fullStr | Acute Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Critical Reappraisal with Focus on Human Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acute Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Critical Reappraisal with Focus on Human Studies |
| title_short | Acute Inflammation in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Critical Reappraisal with Focus on Human Studies |
| title_sort | acute inflammation in cerebrovascular disease a critical reappraisal with focus on human studies |
| topic | cerebrovascular disease inflammation biomarkers ischemic stroke intracerebral hemorrhage cerebral venous thrombosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/10/1103 |
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