| Summary: | Survival factor A (SvfA) in <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> plays multiple roles in growth and developmental processes. It is a candidate for a novel VeA-dependent protein involved in sexual development. VeA is a key developmental regulator in <i>Aspergillus</i> species that can interact with other velvet-family proteins and enter into the nucleus to function as a transcription factor. In yeast and fungi, SvfA-homologous proteins are required for survival under oxidative and cold-stress conditions. To assess the role of SvfA in virulence in <i>A. nidulans</i>, cell wall components, biofilm formation, and protease activity were evaluated in a <i>svfA</i>-gene-deletion or an <i>AfsvfA-</i>overexpressing strain. The <i>svfA</i>-deletion strain showed decreased production of β-1,3-glucan in conidia, a cell wall pathogen-associated molecular pattern, with a decrease in gene expression for chitin synthases and β-1,3-glucan synthase. The ability to form biofilms and produce proteases was reduced in the <i>svfA</i>-deletion strain. We hypothesized that the <i>svfA</i>-deletion strain was less virulent than the wild-type strain; therefore, we performed in vitro phagocytosis assays using alveolar macrophages and analyzed in vivo survival using two vertebrate animal models. While phagocytosis was reduced in mouse alveolar macrophages challenged with conidia from the <i>svfA</i>-deletion strain, the killing rate showed a significant increase with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK activation. The <i>svfA</i>-deletion conidia infection reduced host mortality in both T-cell-deficient zebrafish and chronic granulomatous disease mouse models. Taken together, these results indicate that SvfA plays a significant role in the pathogenicity of <i>A. nidulans</i>.
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