Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Africa
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBD) are constraints to the development of livestock and induce potential human health problems. The worldwide distribution of ticks is not homogenous. Some places are ecologically suitable for ticks but they are not introduced in these areas yet. The absence or low d...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/893 |
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| author | Olivier M. Zannou Achille S. Ouedraogo Abel S. Biguezoton Emmanuel Abatih Marco Coral-Almeida Souaïbou Farougou Kouassi Patrick Yao Laetitia Lempereur Claude Saegerman |
| author_facet | Olivier M. Zannou Achille S. Ouedraogo Abel S. Biguezoton Emmanuel Abatih Marco Coral-Almeida Souaïbou Farougou Kouassi Patrick Yao Laetitia Lempereur Claude Saegerman |
| author_sort | Olivier M. Zannou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBD) are constraints to the development of livestock and induce potential human health problems. The worldwide distribution of ticks is not homogenous. Some places are ecologically suitable for ticks but they are not introduced in these areas yet. The absence or low density of hosts is a factor affecting the dissemination of the parasite. To understand the process of introduction and spread of TTBD in different areas, and forecast their presence, scientists developed different models (e.g., predictive models and explicative models). This study aimed to identify models developed by researchers to analyze the TTBD distribution and to assess the performance of these various models with a meta-analysis. A literature search was implemented with PRISMA protocol in two online databases (Scopus and PubMed). The selected articles were classified according to country, type of models and the objective of the modeling. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy available data of these models were used to evaluate their performance using a meta-analysis. One hundred studies were identified in which seven tick genera were modeled, with <i>Ixodes</i> the most frequently modeled. Additionally, 13 genera of tick-borne pathogens were also modeled, with <i>Borrelia</i> the most frequently modeled. Twenty-three different models were identified and the most frequently used are the generalized linear model representing 26.67% and the maximum entropy model representing 24.17%. A focus on TTBD modeling in Africa showed that, respectively, genus <i>Rhipicephalus</i> and <i>Theileria parva</i> were the most modeled. A meta-analysis on the quality of 20 models revealed that maximum entropy, linear discriminant analysis, and the ecological niche factor analysis models had, respectively, the highest sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve effect size among all the selected models. Modeling TTBD is highly relevant for predicting their distribution and preventing their adverse effect on animal and human health and the economy. Related results of such analyses are useful to build prevention and/or control programs by veterinary and public health authorities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:28:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9103353f2b3f48e2b8c5fa2fb2101984 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:28:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-9103353f2b3f48e2b8c5fa2fb21019842023-11-22T04:39:08ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172021-07-0110789310.3390/pathogens10070893Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on AfricaOlivier M. Zannou0Achille S. Ouedraogo1Abel S. Biguezoton2Emmanuel Abatih3Marco Coral-Almeida4Souaïbou Farougou5Kouassi Patrick Yao6Laetitia Lempereur7Claude Saegerman8Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumLaboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumVector-borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB) of International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso 01 BP 454, Burkina FasoDepartment of Applied Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, University of Gent, 9000 Gent, BelgiumGrupo de Bio-Quimioinformatica, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170122, EcuadorCommunicable Disease Research Unit (URMaT), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 2009, BeninUFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 22 BP 582, Cote d’IvoireLaboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumResearch Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, BelgiumTicks and tick-borne diseases (TTBD) are constraints to the development of livestock and induce potential human health problems. The worldwide distribution of ticks is not homogenous. Some places are ecologically suitable for ticks but they are not introduced in these areas yet. The absence or low density of hosts is a factor affecting the dissemination of the parasite. To understand the process of introduction and spread of TTBD in different areas, and forecast their presence, scientists developed different models (e.g., predictive models and explicative models). This study aimed to identify models developed by researchers to analyze the TTBD distribution and to assess the performance of these various models with a meta-analysis. A literature search was implemented with PRISMA protocol in two online databases (Scopus and PubMed). The selected articles were classified according to country, type of models and the objective of the modeling. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy available data of these models were used to evaluate their performance using a meta-analysis. One hundred studies were identified in which seven tick genera were modeled, with <i>Ixodes</i> the most frequently modeled. Additionally, 13 genera of tick-borne pathogens were also modeled, with <i>Borrelia</i> the most frequently modeled. Twenty-three different models were identified and the most frequently used are the generalized linear model representing 26.67% and the maximum entropy model representing 24.17%. A focus on TTBD modeling in Africa showed that, respectively, genus <i>Rhipicephalus</i> and <i>Theileria parva</i> were the most modeled. A meta-analysis on the quality of 20 models revealed that maximum entropy, linear discriminant analysis, and the ecological niche factor analysis models had, respectively, the highest sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve effect size among all the selected models. Modeling TTBD is highly relevant for predicting their distribution and preventing their adverse effect on animal and human health and the economy. Related results of such analyses are useful to build prevention and/or control programs by veterinary and public health authorities.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/893systematic reviewmeta-analysismodelingtickstick-borne diseasesAfrica |
| spellingShingle | Olivier M. Zannou Achille S. Ouedraogo Abel S. Biguezoton Emmanuel Abatih Marco Coral-Almeida Souaïbou Farougou Kouassi Patrick Yao Laetitia Lempereur Claude Saegerman Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Africa Pathogens systematic review meta-analysis modeling ticks tick-borne diseases Africa |
| title | Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Africa |
| title_full | Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Africa |
| title_fullStr | Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Africa |
| title_short | Models for Studying the Distribution of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Animals: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Africa |
| title_sort | models for studying the distribution of ticks and tick borne diseases in animals a systematic review and a meta analysis with a focus on africa |
| topic | systematic review meta-analysis modeling ticks tick-borne diseases Africa |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/893 |
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