A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color
Racial-ethnic socialization is a process where parents pass beliefs and behaviors to their children, including critical reflections on race and racism. Currently, it is not well known across racial/ethnic groups in the U.S how parents’ socialization competency (confidence, skills, and stress surroun...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Social Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/11/2/88 |
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| author | N. Keita Christophe Gabriela Livas Stein Lisa Kiang Natasha C. Johnson Shawn C. T. Jones Howard C. Stevenson Nkemka Anyiwo Riana E. Anderson |
| author_facet | N. Keita Christophe Gabriela Livas Stein Lisa Kiang Natasha C. Johnson Shawn C. T. Jones Howard C. Stevenson Nkemka Anyiwo Riana E. Anderson |
| author_sort | N. Keita Christophe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Racial-ethnic socialization is a process where parents pass beliefs and behaviors to their children, including critical reflections on race and racism. Currently, it is not well known across racial/ethnic groups in the U.S how parents’ socialization competency (confidence, skills, and stress surrounding the delivery of racial-ethnic socialization) coalesces with the frequency with which they deliver different types of socialization messages (socialization content). The current study utilizes latent profile analysis to examine racial-ethnic socialization content and competency patterns among 203 Black, 194 Latinx, and 188 Asian American parents (<i>n</i> = 585, <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 44.46, <i>SD</i> = 9.14, 59.70% mothers) with children 10–18 years old (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 14.30, <i>SD</i> = 2.49, 50.3% female). Furthermore, we relate profiles to sociodemographic and relevant factors posited to impact socialization competency and content delivery, namely, discrimination and critical consciousness dimensions (reflection, motivation, action). We observed three parental profiles: Less Prepared Stressed Low Frequency (LPSLF; <i>n</i> = 285), Prepared Low Stress Frequent (PLSF; <i>n</i> = 204), and Prepared Stressed Frequent (PSF; <i>n</i> = 96) socializers. Profile differences emerged on parental and youth sociodemographic factors, lifetime discrimination exposure, and each parental critical consciousness dimension. This study lays a foundation for the combined study of racial-ethnic socialization competence and content in diverse groups, a practice crucial to understanding 21st century parenting. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:04:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9104407c712c45fda0a38b25e012fd64 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0760 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:04:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Social Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-9104407c712c45fda0a38b25e012fd642023-11-23T22:05:37ZengMDPI AGSocial Sciences2076-07602022-02-011128810.3390/socsci11020088A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of ColorN. Keita Christophe0Gabriela Livas Stein1Lisa Kiang2Natasha C. Johnson3Shawn C. T. Jones4Howard C. Stevenson5Nkemka Anyiwo6Riana E. Anderson7Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USADepartment of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USADepartment of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USASchool of Public Health, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USAGraduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAGraduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USASchool of Public Health, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USARacial-ethnic socialization is a process where parents pass beliefs and behaviors to their children, including critical reflections on race and racism. Currently, it is not well known across racial/ethnic groups in the U.S how parents’ socialization competency (confidence, skills, and stress surrounding the delivery of racial-ethnic socialization) coalesces with the frequency with which they deliver different types of socialization messages (socialization content). The current study utilizes latent profile analysis to examine racial-ethnic socialization content and competency patterns among 203 Black, 194 Latinx, and 188 Asian American parents (<i>n</i> = 585, <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 44.46, <i>SD</i> = 9.14, 59.70% mothers) with children 10–18 years old (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 14.30, <i>SD</i> = 2.49, 50.3% female). Furthermore, we relate profiles to sociodemographic and relevant factors posited to impact socialization competency and content delivery, namely, discrimination and critical consciousness dimensions (reflection, motivation, action). We observed three parental profiles: Less Prepared Stressed Low Frequency (LPSLF; <i>n</i> = 285), Prepared Low Stress Frequent (PLSF; <i>n</i> = 204), and Prepared Stressed Frequent (PSF; <i>n</i> = 96) socializers. Profile differences emerged on parental and youth sociodemographic factors, lifetime discrimination exposure, and each parental critical consciousness dimension. This study lays a foundation for the combined study of racial-ethnic socialization competence and content in diverse groups, a practice crucial to understanding 21st century parenting.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/11/2/88racial-ethnic socializationcritical consciousnesscompetencylatent profile analysis |
| spellingShingle | N. Keita Christophe Gabriela Livas Stein Lisa Kiang Natasha C. Johnson Shawn C. T. Jones Howard C. Stevenson Nkemka Anyiwo Riana E. Anderson A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color Social Sciences racial-ethnic socialization critical consciousness competency latent profile analysis |
| title | A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color |
| title_full | A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color |
| title_fullStr | A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color |
| title_full_unstemmed | A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color |
| title_short | A 21st Century Take on Racial-Ethnic Socialization: Patterns of Competency and Content among Diverse Parents of Color |
| title_sort | 21st century take on racial ethnic socialization patterns of competency and content among diverse parents of color |
| topic | racial-ethnic socialization critical consciousness competency latent profile analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/11/2/88 |
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