| Summary: | In the present study, an improved adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) models are hybridized with a sunflower optimization (SO) algorithm and are introduced for lake water level simulation. The Urmia Lake water level is predicted and assessed using the potential of the proposed advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models. The sunflower optimization algorithm is implemented to find the optimal tuning parameters. The results indicated that the ANFIS-SO model with the combination of three lags of rainfall and temperature as input attributes attained the best predictability performance. The minimal values of the root mean square error were RMSE = 1.89 m and 1.92 m for the training and testing modeling phases, respectively. The worst prediction capacity was attained for the long lead (i.e., six months rainfall lag times). The uncertainty analysis showed that the ANFIS-SO model had less uncertainty based on the percentage of more responses in the confidence band and lower bandwidth. Also, different scenarios of water harvesting were investigated with the consideration of environmental restrictions and fair water allocation to stakeholders. Further, studying Urmia Lake water harvesting scenarios displayed that the 30% water harvesting scenario of the lake water improves the lake’s water level.
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