TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core Accretion

We confirm TOI-4201 b as a transiting Jovian-mass planet orbiting an early M dwarf discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. Using ground-based photometry and precise radial velocities from NEID and the Planet Finder Spectrograph, we measure a planet mass of ${2.59}_{-0.06}^{+0.07}$ M...

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Main Authors: Megan Delamer, Shubham Kanodia, Caleb I. Cañas, Simon Müller, Ravit Helled, Andrea S. J. Lin, Jessica E. Libby-Roberts, Arvind F. Gupta, Suvrath Mahadevan, Johanna Teske, R. Paul Butler, Samuel W. Yee, Jeffrey D. Crane, Stephen Shectman, David Osip, Yuri Beletsky, Andrew Monson, Leslie Hebb, Luke C. Powers, John P. Wisniewski, Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes, Chad F. Bender, Jiayin Dong, Te Han, Joe P. Ninan, Paul Robertson, Arpita Roy, Christian Schwab, Guđmundur Stefánsson, Jason T. Wright
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IOP Publishing 2024-01-01
Series:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad1a19
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author Megan Delamer
Shubham Kanodia
Caleb I. Cañas
Simon Müller
Ravit Helled
Andrea S. J. Lin
Jessica E. Libby-Roberts
Arvind F. Gupta
Suvrath Mahadevan
Johanna Teske
R. Paul Butler
Samuel W. Yee
Jeffrey D. Crane
Stephen Shectman
David Osip
Yuri Beletsky
Andrew Monson
Leslie Hebb
Luke C. Powers
John P. Wisniewski
Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes
Chad F. Bender
Jiayin Dong
Te Han
Joe P. Ninan
Paul Robertson
Arpita Roy
Christian Schwab
Guđmundur Stefánsson
Jason T. Wright
author_facet Megan Delamer
Shubham Kanodia
Caleb I. Cañas
Simon Müller
Ravit Helled
Andrea S. J. Lin
Jessica E. Libby-Roberts
Arvind F. Gupta
Suvrath Mahadevan
Johanna Teske
R. Paul Butler
Samuel W. Yee
Jeffrey D. Crane
Stephen Shectman
David Osip
Yuri Beletsky
Andrew Monson
Leslie Hebb
Luke C. Powers
John P. Wisniewski
Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes
Chad F. Bender
Jiayin Dong
Te Han
Joe P. Ninan
Paul Robertson
Arpita Roy
Christian Schwab
Guđmundur Stefánsson
Jason T. Wright
author_sort Megan Delamer
collection DOAJ
description We confirm TOI-4201 b as a transiting Jovian-mass planet orbiting an early M dwarf discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. Using ground-based photometry and precise radial velocities from NEID and the Planet Finder Spectrograph, we measure a planet mass of ${2.59}_{-0.06}^{+0.07}$ M _J , making this one of the most massive planets transiting an M dwarf. The planet is ∼0.4% of the mass of its 0.63 M _⊙ host and may have a heavy-element mass comparable to the total dust mass contained in a typical class II disk. TOI-4201 b stretches our understanding of core accretion during the protoplanetary phase and the disk mass budget, necessitating giant planet formation to take place either much earlier in the disk lifetime or perhaps through alternative mechanisms like gravitational instability.
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spelling doaj.art-9109bd2a3664411b840237a62f27c6162024-02-13T17:39:14ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052024-01-019622L2210.3847/2041-8213/ad1a19TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core AccretionMegan Delamer0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1439-2781Shubham Kanodia1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8401-4300Caleb I. Cañas2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4835-0619Simon Müller3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-8377Ravit Helled4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5555-2652Andrea S. J. Lin5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-6337Jessica E. Libby-Roberts6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7613Arvind F. Gupta7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5463-9980Suvrath Mahadevan8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-7983Johanna Teske9https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2801-5040R. Paul Butler10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-3761Samuel W. Yee11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-3907Jeffrey D. Crane12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5226-787XStephen Shectman13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-6136David Osip14https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0412-9664Yuri Beletsky15Andrew Monson16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-2586Leslie Hebb17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-8637Luke C. Powers18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5300-5353John P. Wisniewski19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9209-1808Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes20https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-9741Chad F. Bender21https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4384-7220Jiayin Dong22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3610-6953Te Han23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-7643Joe P. Ninan24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8720-5612Paul Robertson25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-9678Arpita Roy26https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8127-5775Christian Schwab27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-987XGuđmundur Stefánsson28https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7409-5688Jason T. Wright29https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6160-5888Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; mmd6393@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USAEarth and Planets Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USACenter for Theoretical Astrophysics & Cosmology, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandCenter for Theoretical Astrophysics & Cosmology, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; mmd6393@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; mmd6393@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; mmd6393@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; mmd6393@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USAEarth and Planets Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USAEarth and Planets Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USADepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USAThe Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USAThe Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USALas Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Institution for Science , Colina el Pino, Casilla 601 La Serena, ChileLas Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Institution for Science , Colina el Pino, Casilla 601 La Serena, ChileSteward Observatory, The University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAPhysics Department, Hobart and William Smith Colleges , 300 Pulteney Street, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , 245 East Avenue, Ithaca, NY 14850, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; mmd6393@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USANASA Headquarters, 300 Hidden Figures Way SW , Washington, DC 20546, USASchool of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University , Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; The Macquarie University Astrophysics and Space Technologies Research Centre, Macquarie University , Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, AustraliaSteward Observatory, The University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USACenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , New York, NY, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, The University of California , Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, IndiaDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, The University of California , Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASchool of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University , Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, AustraliaDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; mmd6393@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Penn State Extraterrestrial Intelligence Center, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA, 16802, USAWe confirm TOI-4201 b as a transiting Jovian-mass planet orbiting an early M dwarf discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. Using ground-based photometry and precise radial velocities from NEID and the Planet Finder Spectrograph, we measure a planet mass of ${2.59}_{-0.06}^{+0.07}$ M _J , making this one of the most massive planets transiting an M dwarf. The planet is ∼0.4% of the mass of its 0.63 M _⊙ host and may have a heavy-element mass comparable to the total dust mass contained in a typical class II disk. TOI-4201 b stretches our understanding of core accretion during the protoplanetary phase and the disk mass budget, necessitating giant planet formation to take place either much earlier in the disk lifetime or perhaps through alternative mechanisms like gravitational instability.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad1a19Exoplanet detection methodsExoplanet astronomyExoplanet formationExoplanetsRadial velocityTransit photometry
spellingShingle Megan Delamer
Shubham Kanodia
Caleb I. Cañas
Simon Müller
Ravit Helled
Andrea S. J. Lin
Jessica E. Libby-Roberts
Arvind F. Gupta
Suvrath Mahadevan
Johanna Teske
R. Paul Butler
Samuel W. Yee
Jeffrey D. Crane
Stephen Shectman
David Osip
Yuri Beletsky
Andrew Monson
Leslie Hebb
Luke C. Powers
John P. Wisniewski
Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes
Chad F. Bender
Jiayin Dong
Te Han
Joe P. Ninan
Paul Robertson
Arpita Roy
Christian Schwab
Guđmundur Stefánsson
Jason T. Wright
TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core Accretion
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Exoplanet detection methods
Exoplanet astronomy
Exoplanet formation
Exoplanets
Radial velocity
Transit photometry
title TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core Accretion
title_full TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core Accretion
title_fullStr TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core Accretion
title_full_unstemmed TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core Accretion
title_short TOI-4201: An Early M Dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core Accretion
title_sort toi 4201 an early m dwarf hosting a massive transiting jupiter stretching theories of core accretion
topic Exoplanet detection methods
Exoplanet astronomy
Exoplanet formation
Exoplanets
Radial velocity
Transit photometry
url https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad1a19
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