Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins

A group of stable, water-soluble and membrane-bound proteins constitute the pore forming toxins (PFTs) in cnidarians. They interact with membranes to physically alter the membrane structure and permeability, resulting in the formation of pores. These lesions on the plasma membrane causes an imbalanc...

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Main Authors: Wei Yuen Yap, Jung Shan Hwang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2018-10-01
Series:Molecules
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2537
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author Wei Yuen Yap
Jung Shan Hwang
author_facet Wei Yuen Yap
Jung Shan Hwang
author_sort Wei Yuen Yap
collection DOAJ
description A group of stable, water-soluble and membrane-bound proteins constitute the pore forming toxins (PFTs) in cnidarians. They interact with membranes to physically alter the membrane structure and permeability, resulting in the formation of pores. These lesions on the plasma membrane causes an imbalance of cellular ionic gradients, resulting in swelling of the cell and eventually its rupture. Of all cnidarian PFTs, actinoporins are by far the best studied subgroup with established knowledge of their molecular structure and their mode of pore-forming action. However, the current view of necrotic action by actinoporins may not be the only mechanism that induces cell death since there is increasing evidence showing that pore-forming toxins can induce either necrosis or apoptosis in a cell-type, receptor and dose-dependent manner. In this review, we focus on the response of the cellular immune system to the cnidarian pore-forming toxins and the signaling pathways that might be involved in these cellular responses. Since PFTs represent potential candidates for targeted toxin therapy for the treatment of numerous cancers, we also address the challenge to overcoming the immunogenicity of these toxins when used as therapeutics.
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spelling doaj.art-910fca22f0144d28afb82b2c0d9752f32022-12-21T21:47:39ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492018-10-012310253710.3390/molecules23102537molecules23102537Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming ToxinsWei Yuen Yap0Jung Shan Hwang1Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, MalaysiaDepartment of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, MalaysiaA group of stable, water-soluble and membrane-bound proteins constitute the pore forming toxins (PFTs) in cnidarians. They interact with membranes to physically alter the membrane structure and permeability, resulting in the formation of pores. These lesions on the plasma membrane causes an imbalance of cellular ionic gradients, resulting in swelling of the cell and eventually its rupture. Of all cnidarian PFTs, actinoporins are by far the best studied subgroup with established knowledge of their molecular structure and their mode of pore-forming action. However, the current view of necrotic action by actinoporins may not be the only mechanism that induces cell death since there is increasing evidence showing that pore-forming toxins can induce either necrosis or apoptosis in a cell-type, receptor and dose-dependent manner. In this review, we focus on the response of the cellular immune system to the cnidarian pore-forming toxins and the signaling pathways that might be involved in these cellular responses. Since PFTs represent potential candidates for targeted toxin therapy for the treatment of numerous cancers, we also address the challenge to overcoming the immunogenicity of these toxins when used as therapeutics.http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2537actinoporincnidarian pore forming toxinsinnate immune responsepotassium effluxinflammation
spellingShingle Wei Yuen Yap
Jung Shan Hwang
Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins
Molecules
actinoporin
cnidarian pore forming toxins
innate immune response
potassium efflux
inflammation
title Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins
title_full Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins
title_fullStr Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins
title_full_unstemmed Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins
title_short Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins
title_sort response of cellular innate immunity to cnidarian pore forming toxins
topic actinoporin
cnidarian pore forming toxins
innate immune response
potassium efflux
inflammation
url http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2537
work_keys_str_mv AT weiyuenyap responseofcellularinnateimmunitytocnidarianporeformingtoxins
AT jungshanhwang responseofcellularinnateimmunitytocnidarianporeformingtoxins