In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece
<i>Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Thymus vulgaris</i>, and <i>Salvia fructicosa</i> are aromatic plants commonly found in Mediterranean countries and are traditionally used in Greece as a remedy for humans, since they are well known as potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/11/1783 |
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| author | Erasmia Sidiropoulou Virginia Marugán-Hernández Ioannis Skoufos Ilias Giannenas Eleftherios Bonos Kensilandia Aguiar-Martins Diamanto Lazari Theodora Papagrigoriou Konstantina Fotou Katerina Grigoriadou Damer P. Blake Athina Tzora |
| author_facet | Erasmia Sidiropoulou Virginia Marugán-Hernández Ioannis Skoufos Ilias Giannenas Eleftherios Bonos Kensilandia Aguiar-Martins Diamanto Lazari Theodora Papagrigoriou Konstantina Fotou Katerina Grigoriadou Damer P. Blake Athina Tzora |
| author_sort | Erasmia Sidiropoulou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Thymus vulgaris</i>, and <i>Salvia fructicosa</i> are aromatic plants commonly found in Mediterranean countries and are traditionally used in Greece as a remedy for humans, since they are well known as potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Essential oils (EOs) derived from plants cultivated in the mountainous region of Epirus, Greece, were investigated for their inhibitory activity against key microorganisms with relevance to avian health, while also assessing their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the EOs was estimated according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while the antioxidant capacity was tested through the EOs’ ability to scavenge free radicals by means of the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were examined by the agar disc diffusion method and the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test, respectively. Furthermore, the EOs’ ability to inhibit the invasion of sporozoites of <i>Eimeria tenella</i> (Wisconsin strain) along with any toxic effects were assayed in Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was observed in descending order: oregano > thyme > sage. The antimicrobial effects of thyme and oregano were equivalent and higher than that of sage, while the anti-inflammatory effect of thyme was higher compared to both sage and oregano. The intracellular invasion of sporozoites was evaluated by the detection of <i>E. tenella</i> DNA by qPCR from cell monolayers harvested at 2 and 24 h post-infection. Parasite invasion was inhibited by the addition of oregano essential oil at the concentration of 100 μg/mL by 83% or 93% after 2 or 24 h, respectively, and was higher compared to the addition of thyme and sage, which had similar effects, but at a less intensive level. The cytotoxic assessment of all three essential oils revealed that they had no effect on MDBK cells compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), used as the control substance. The supplementation of oregano, thyme, and sage essential oils had a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticoccidial in vitro effect that is comparable to synthetic substances or approved drugs, justifying the need for further evaluation by in vivo studies in broilers reared in the absence of antimicrobial and anticoccidial drugs or synthetic antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:54:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9115aaf7de944132bf732b1af8a4419b |
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| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:54:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-9115aaf7de944132bf732b1af8a4419b2023-11-24T05:30:53ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292022-11-011211178310.3390/life12111783In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, GreeceErasmia Sidiropoulou0Virginia Marugán-Hernández1Ioannis Skoufos2Ilias Giannenas3Eleftherios Bonos4Kensilandia Aguiar-Martins5Diamanto Lazari6Theodora Papagrigoriou7Konstantina Fotou8Katerina Grigoriadou9Damer P. Blake10Athina Tzora11Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UKLaboratory of Animal Production, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, GreeceLaboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Animal Production, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, GreeceLaboratory of Animal Production, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, GreeceLaboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, GreeceInstitute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Animal Production, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, GreeceLaboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, Greece<i>Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Thymus vulgaris</i>, and <i>Salvia fructicosa</i> are aromatic plants commonly found in Mediterranean countries and are traditionally used in Greece as a remedy for humans, since they are well known as potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Essential oils (EOs) derived from plants cultivated in the mountainous region of Epirus, Greece, were investigated for their inhibitory activity against key microorganisms with relevance to avian health, while also assessing their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the EOs was estimated according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while the antioxidant capacity was tested through the EOs’ ability to scavenge free radicals by means of the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were examined by the agar disc diffusion method and the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test, respectively. Furthermore, the EOs’ ability to inhibit the invasion of sporozoites of <i>Eimeria tenella</i> (Wisconsin strain) along with any toxic effects were assayed in Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was observed in descending order: oregano > thyme > sage. The antimicrobial effects of thyme and oregano were equivalent and higher than that of sage, while the anti-inflammatory effect of thyme was higher compared to both sage and oregano. The intracellular invasion of sporozoites was evaluated by the detection of <i>E. tenella</i> DNA by qPCR from cell monolayers harvested at 2 and 24 h post-infection. Parasite invasion was inhibited by the addition of oregano essential oil at the concentration of 100 μg/mL by 83% or 93% after 2 or 24 h, respectively, and was higher compared to the addition of thyme and sage, which had similar effects, but at a less intensive level. The cytotoxic assessment of all three essential oils revealed that they had no effect on MDBK cells compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), used as the control substance. The supplementation of oregano, thyme, and sage essential oils had a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticoccidial in vitro effect that is comparable to synthetic substances or approved drugs, justifying the need for further evaluation by in vivo studies in broilers reared in the absence of antimicrobial and anticoccidial drugs or synthetic antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/11/1783oreganothymesageantimicrobialanticoccidialanti-inflammatory |
| spellingShingle | Erasmia Sidiropoulou Virginia Marugán-Hernández Ioannis Skoufos Ilias Giannenas Eleftherios Bonos Kensilandia Aguiar-Martins Diamanto Lazari Theodora Papagrigoriou Konstantina Fotou Katerina Grigoriadou Damer P. Blake Athina Tzora In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece Life oregano thyme sage antimicrobial anticoccidial anti-inflammatory |
| title | In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece |
| title_full | In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece |
| title_fullStr | In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece |
| title_full_unstemmed | In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece |
| title_short | In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece |
| title_sort | in vitro antioxidant antimicrobial anticoccidial and anti inflammatory study of essential oils of oregano thyme and sage from epirus greece |
| topic | oregano thyme sage antimicrobial anticoccidial anti-inflammatory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/11/1783 |
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