Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of <i>Leptospira</i> Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging worldwide zoonotic disease. Even though the primary serological test for diagnosis and surveying is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), isolation remains the gold-standard test to detect <i>Leptospira</i> infections. The leptospirosis transmission is...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/1/191 |
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| author | Giovanni Cilia Fabrizio Bertelloni Sara Albini Filippo Fratini |
| author_facet | Giovanni Cilia Fabrizio Bertelloni Sara Albini Filippo Fratini |
| author_sort | Giovanni Cilia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Leptospirosis is a re-emerging worldwide zoonotic disease. Even though the primary serological test for diagnosis and surveying is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), isolation remains the gold-standard test to detect <i>Leptospira</i> infections. The leptospirosis transmission is linked to maintenance and accidental hosts. In the epidemiology of <i>Leptospira</i> some serovar are strictly related to specific maintenance hosts; however, in recent years, the bacterium was isolated from an even wider spectrum of species. The aim of this review is to report the isolation of <i>Leptospira</i> strains in animals which could be recognized as “unconventional” hosts, analyzing studies from 1960 to 2020 that highlighted the <i>Leptospira</i> isolation. This scientific literature aimed to provide evidence of infection in several animal species including of the Carnivora, Didelphimorphia, Rodentia, Cetacea, Cingulata, Afrosoricida, Chiroptera and Primate orders, as well as in Reptilia and Amphibia classes. In conclusion, the spreading of <i>Leptospira</i> is attention-worthy because the infection could occur in all the animal species ranging in a specific area. Further screening and isolations are needed to collect all necessary data to gain a complete understanding of leptospirosis epidemiology and its modifications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:44:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-912c6c2a60154fd6a110c9bde9aaf65d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:44:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-912c6c2a60154fd6a110c9bde9aaf65d2023-12-03T13:17:28ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152021-01-0111119110.3390/ani11010191Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of <i>Leptospira</i> Isolations from “Unconventional” HostsGiovanni Cilia0Fabrizio Bertelloni1Sara Albini2Filippo Fratini3Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, ItalyLeptospirosis is a re-emerging worldwide zoonotic disease. Even though the primary serological test for diagnosis and surveying is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), isolation remains the gold-standard test to detect <i>Leptospira</i> infections. The leptospirosis transmission is linked to maintenance and accidental hosts. In the epidemiology of <i>Leptospira</i> some serovar are strictly related to specific maintenance hosts; however, in recent years, the bacterium was isolated from an even wider spectrum of species. The aim of this review is to report the isolation of <i>Leptospira</i> strains in animals which could be recognized as “unconventional” hosts, analyzing studies from 1960 to 2020 that highlighted the <i>Leptospira</i> isolation. This scientific literature aimed to provide evidence of infection in several animal species including of the Carnivora, Didelphimorphia, Rodentia, Cetacea, Cingulata, Afrosoricida, Chiroptera and Primate orders, as well as in Reptilia and Amphibia classes. In conclusion, the spreading of <i>Leptospira</i> is attention-worthy because the infection could occur in all the animal species ranging in a specific area. Further screening and isolations are needed to collect all necessary data to gain a complete understanding of leptospirosis epidemiology and its modifications.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/1/191leptospirosis<i>Leptospira</i> isolationwildlifezoonoseshost-pathogens interactionspublic health |
| spellingShingle | Giovanni Cilia Fabrizio Bertelloni Sara Albini Filippo Fratini Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of <i>Leptospira</i> Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts Animals leptospirosis <i>Leptospira</i> isolation wildlife zoonoses host-pathogens interactions public health |
| title | Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of <i>Leptospira</i> Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts |
| title_full | Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of <i>Leptospira</i> Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts |
| title_fullStr | Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of <i>Leptospira</i> Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of <i>Leptospira</i> Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts |
| title_short | Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of <i>Leptospira</i> Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts |
| title_sort | insight into the epidemiology of leptospirosis a review of i leptospira i isolations from unconventional hosts |
| topic | leptospirosis <i>Leptospira</i> isolation wildlife zoonoses host-pathogens interactions public health |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/1/191 |
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