<i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America
The European Spongy moth, <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is an abundant species found in oak woods in Central and Southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa and is an important economic pest. It is a voracious eater and can completely defoliate entire trees;...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/9/854 |
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| author | Maria C. Boukouvala Nickolas G. Kavallieratos Anna Skourti Xavier Pons Carmen López Alonso Matilde Eizaguirre Enrique Benavent Fernandez Elena Domínguez Solera Sergio Fita Tanja Bohinc Stanislav Trdan Paraskevi Agrafioti Christos G. Athanassiou |
| author_facet | Maria C. Boukouvala Nickolas G. Kavallieratos Anna Skourti Xavier Pons Carmen López Alonso Matilde Eizaguirre Enrique Benavent Fernandez Elena Domínguez Solera Sergio Fita Tanja Bohinc Stanislav Trdan Paraskevi Agrafioti Christos G. Athanassiou |
| author_sort | Maria C. Boukouvala |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The European Spongy moth, <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is an abundant species found in oak woods in Central and Southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa and is an important economic pest. It is a voracious eater and can completely defoliate entire trees; repeated severe defoliation can add to other stresses, such as weather extremes or human activities. <i>Lymantria dispar</i> is most destructive in its larval stage (caterpillars), stripping away foliage from a broad variety of trees (>500 species). Caterpillar infestation is an underestimated problem; medical literature reports that established populations of caterpillars may cause health problems to people and animals. Inflammatory reactions may occur in most individuals after exposure to setae, independent of previous exposure. Currently, chemical and mechanical methods, natural predators, and silvicultural practices are included for the control of this species. Various insecticides have been used for its control, often through aerial sprayings, which negatively affect biodiversity, frequently fail, and are inappropriate for urban/recreational areas. However, bioinsecticides based on various microorganisms (e.g., entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) as well as technologies such as mating disruption using sex pheromone traps have replaced insecticides for the management of <i>L. dispar</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:39:07Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:39:07Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-914953343bcb413aad8a438165df7c032023-11-23T16:55:49ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502022-09-0113985410.3390/insects13090854<i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North AmericaMaria C. Boukouvala0Nickolas G. Kavallieratos1Anna Skourti2Xavier Pons3Carmen López Alonso4Matilde Eizaguirre5Enrique Benavent Fernandez6Elena Domínguez Solera7Sergio Fita8Tanja Bohinc9Stanislav Trdan10Paraskevi Agrafioti11Christos G. Athanassiou12Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Av Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, SpainDepartment of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Av Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, SpainDepartment of Crop and Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Av Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, SpainAIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Centre, València Parc Tecnològic, Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, SpainAIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Centre, València Parc Tecnològic, Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, SpainAIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Centre, València Parc Tecnològic, Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, SpainDepartment of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaLaboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, GreeceLaboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, GreeceThe European Spongy moth, <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is an abundant species found in oak woods in Central and Southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa and is an important economic pest. It is a voracious eater and can completely defoliate entire trees; repeated severe defoliation can add to other stresses, such as weather extremes or human activities. <i>Lymantria dispar</i> is most destructive in its larval stage (caterpillars), stripping away foliage from a broad variety of trees (>500 species). Caterpillar infestation is an underestimated problem; medical literature reports that established populations of caterpillars may cause health problems to people and animals. Inflammatory reactions may occur in most individuals after exposure to setae, independent of previous exposure. Currently, chemical and mechanical methods, natural predators, and silvicultural practices are included for the control of this species. Various insecticides have been used for its control, often through aerial sprayings, which negatively affect biodiversity, frequently fail, and are inappropriate for urban/recreational areas. However, bioinsecticides based on various microorganisms (e.g., entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) as well as technologies such as mating disruption using sex pheromone traps have replaced insecticides for the management of <i>L. dispar</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/9/854European spongy mothspreadlossesoutbreakshealth issuescontrol |
| spellingShingle | Maria C. Boukouvala Nickolas G. Kavallieratos Anna Skourti Xavier Pons Carmen López Alonso Matilde Eizaguirre Enrique Benavent Fernandez Elena Domínguez Solera Sergio Fita Tanja Bohinc Stanislav Trdan Paraskevi Agrafioti Christos G. Athanassiou <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America Insects European spongy moth spread losses outbreaks health issues control |
| title | <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America |
| title_full | <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America |
| title_fullStr | <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America |
| title_short | <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America |
| title_sort | i lymantria dispar i l lepidoptera erebidae current status of biology ecology and management in europe with notes from north america |
| topic | European spongy moth spread losses outbreaks health issues control |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/9/854 |
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