Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that represents the most common type of dementia. It poses a significant diagnostic challenge that requires timely recognition and treatment. Currently, there is no effective therapy for AD; however, certain medi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/17/13429 |
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| author | Snježana Kaštelan Marijana Braš Neda Pjevač Ivana Bakija Zora Tomić Nada Pjevač Keleminić Antonela Gverović Antunica |
| author_facet | Snježana Kaštelan Marijana Braš Neda Pjevač Ivana Bakija Zora Tomić Nada Pjevač Keleminić Antonela Gverović Antunica |
| author_sort | Snježana Kaštelan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that represents the most common type of dementia. It poses a significant diagnostic challenge that requires timely recognition and treatment. Currently, there is no effective therapy for AD; however, certain medications may slow down its progression. The discovery of AD biomarkers, namely, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and cerebrospinal fluid molecules (amyloid-β and tau) has advanced our understanding of this disease and has been crucial for identifying early neuropathologic changes prior to clinical changes and cognitive decline. The close interrelationship between the eye and the brain suggests that tears could be an interesting source of biomarkers for AD; however, studies in this area are limited. The identification of biomarkers in tears will enable the development of cost-effective, non-invasive methods of screening, diagnosis and disease monitoring. In order to use tears as a standard method for early and non-invasive diagnosis of AD, future studies need to be conducted on a larger scale. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:21:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-91664065e7584c019bd07df8f1335ee8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:21:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-91664065e7584c019bd07df8f1335ee82023-11-19T08:17:10ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-08-0124171342910.3390/ijms241713429Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s DiseaseSnježana Kaštelan0Marijana Braš1Neda Pjevač2Ivana Bakija3Zora Tomić4Nada Pjevač Keleminić5Antonela Gverović Antunica6Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCentre for Palliative Medicine, Medical Ethics and Communication Skills, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Integrative Psychiatry, Psychiatry Hospital “Sveti Ivan”, 10090 Zagreb, CroatiaHealth Centre of the Croatian Department of Internal Affairs, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Family Medicine, Health Centre Zagreb-Centar, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Dubrovnik, University of Dubrovnik, 20000 Dubrovnik, CroatiaAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that represents the most common type of dementia. It poses a significant diagnostic challenge that requires timely recognition and treatment. Currently, there is no effective therapy for AD; however, certain medications may slow down its progression. The discovery of AD biomarkers, namely, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and cerebrospinal fluid molecules (amyloid-β and tau) has advanced our understanding of this disease and has been crucial for identifying early neuropathologic changes prior to clinical changes and cognitive decline. The close interrelationship between the eye and the brain suggests that tears could be an interesting source of biomarkers for AD; however, studies in this area are limited. The identification of biomarkers in tears will enable the development of cost-effective, non-invasive methods of screening, diagnosis and disease monitoring. In order to use tears as a standard method for early and non-invasive diagnosis of AD, future studies need to be conducted on a larger scale.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/17/13429tearsbiomarkersAlzheimer’s diseasedementianeurocognitive disorderearly diagnosis |
| spellingShingle | Snježana Kaštelan Marijana Braš Neda Pjevač Ivana Bakija Zora Tomić Nada Pjevač Keleminić Antonela Gverović Antunica Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s Disease International Journal of Molecular Sciences tears biomarkers Alzheimer’s disease dementia neurocognitive disorder early diagnosis |
| title | Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full | Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_fullStr | Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_short | Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_sort | tear biomarkers and alzheimer s disease |
| topic | tears biomarkers Alzheimer’s disease dementia neurocognitive disorder early diagnosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/17/13429 |
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