Environmental and Household-Based Spatial Risks for Tungiasis in an Endemic Area of Coastal Kenya
Tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitosis caused by an embedded female sand flea. The distribution of cases can be spatially heterogeneous even in areas with similar risk profiles. This study assesses household and remotely sensed environmental factors that contribute to the geographic distribution of tu...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/1/2 |
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| author | Ayako Hyuga Peter S. Larson Morris Ndemwa Sheru W. Muuo Mwatasa Changoma Mohamed Karama Kensuke Goto Satoshi Kaneko |
| author_facet | Ayako Hyuga Peter S. Larson Morris Ndemwa Sheru W. Muuo Mwatasa Changoma Mohamed Karama Kensuke Goto Satoshi Kaneko |
| author_sort | Ayako Hyuga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitosis caused by an embedded female sand flea. The distribution of cases can be spatially heterogeneous even in areas with similar risk profiles. This study assesses household and remotely sensed environmental factors that contribute to the geographic distribution of tungiasis cases in a rural area along the Southern Kenyan Coast. Data on household tungiasis case status, demographic and socioeconomic information, and geographic locations were recorded during regular survey activities of the Health and Demographic Surveillance System, mainly during 2011. Data were joined with other spatial data sources using latitude/longitude coordinates. Generalized additive models were used to predict and visualize spatial risks for tungiasis. The household-level prevalence of tungiasis was 3.4% (272/7925). There was a 1.1% (461/41,135) prevalence of infection among all participants. A significant spatial variability was observed in the unadjusted model (<i>p</i>-value < 0.001). The number of children per household, earthen floor, organic roof, elevation, aluminum content in the soil, and distance to the nearest animal reserve attenuated the odds ratios and partially explained the spatial variation of tungiasis. Spatial heterogeneity in tungiasis risk remained even after a factor adjustment. This suggests that there are possible unmeasured factors associated with the complex ecology of sand fleas that may contribute to the disease’s uneven distribution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:24:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-916c0d34131a4c8fbaa316215d04562a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2414-6366 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:24:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
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| series | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-916c0d34131a4c8fbaa316215d04562a2023-11-23T15:36:32ZengMDPI AGTropical Medicine and Infectious Disease2414-63662021-12-0171210.3390/tropicalmed7010002Environmental and Household-Based Spatial Risks for Tungiasis in an Endemic Area of Coastal KenyaAyako Hyuga0Peter S. Larson1Morris Ndemwa2Sheru W. Muuo3Mwatasa Changoma4Mohamed Karama5Kensuke Goto6Satoshi Kaneko7Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi 852-8523, Nagasaki, JapanNagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute (NUITM-KEMRI) Project, C/O Centre for Microbiology Research, KEMRI, Nairobi P.O. Box 19993-00202, KenyaDepartment of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi 852-8523, Nagasaki, JapanNagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute (NUITM-KEMRI) Project, C/O Centre for Microbiology Research, KEMRI, Nairobi P.O. Box 19993-00202, KenyaNagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute (NUITM-KEMRI) Project, C/O Centre for Microbiology Research, KEMRI, Nairobi P.O. Box 19993-00202, KenyaCentre of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Off Mbagathi Road, Nairobi P.O. Box 54840-00200, KenyaDivision of Health and Safety Sciences Education, Department of Educational Collaboration, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-1 Asahigaoka, Kashiwara-shi 582-8582, Osaka, JapanGraduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi 852-8523, Nagasaki, JapanTungiasis is a cutaneous parasitosis caused by an embedded female sand flea. The distribution of cases can be spatially heterogeneous even in areas with similar risk profiles. This study assesses household and remotely sensed environmental factors that contribute to the geographic distribution of tungiasis cases in a rural area along the Southern Kenyan Coast. Data on household tungiasis case status, demographic and socioeconomic information, and geographic locations were recorded during regular survey activities of the Health and Demographic Surveillance System, mainly during 2011. Data were joined with other spatial data sources using latitude/longitude coordinates. Generalized additive models were used to predict and visualize spatial risks for tungiasis. The household-level prevalence of tungiasis was 3.4% (272/7925). There was a 1.1% (461/41,135) prevalence of infection among all participants. A significant spatial variability was observed in the unadjusted model (<i>p</i>-value < 0.001). The number of children per household, earthen floor, organic roof, elevation, aluminum content in the soil, and distance to the nearest animal reserve attenuated the odds ratios and partially explained the spatial variation of tungiasis. Spatial heterogeneity in tungiasis risk remained even after a factor adjustment. This suggests that there are possible unmeasured factors associated with the complex ecology of sand fleas that may contribute to the disease’s uneven distribution.https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/1/2tungiasisspatial epidemiologyKenyaHealth and Demographic Surveillance Systemgeneralized additive modelszoonosis |
| spellingShingle | Ayako Hyuga Peter S. Larson Morris Ndemwa Sheru W. Muuo Mwatasa Changoma Mohamed Karama Kensuke Goto Satoshi Kaneko Environmental and Household-Based Spatial Risks for Tungiasis in an Endemic Area of Coastal Kenya Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease tungiasis spatial epidemiology Kenya Health and Demographic Surveillance System generalized additive models zoonosis |
| title | Environmental and Household-Based Spatial Risks for Tungiasis in an Endemic Area of Coastal Kenya |
| title_full | Environmental and Household-Based Spatial Risks for Tungiasis in an Endemic Area of Coastal Kenya |
| title_fullStr | Environmental and Household-Based Spatial Risks for Tungiasis in an Endemic Area of Coastal Kenya |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental and Household-Based Spatial Risks for Tungiasis in an Endemic Area of Coastal Kenya |
| title_short | Environmental and Household-Based Spatial Risks for Tungiasis in an Endemic Area of Coastal Kenya |
| title_sort | environmental and household based spatial risks for tungiasis in an endemic area of coastal kenya |
| topic | tungiasis spatial epidemiology Kenya Health and Demographic Surveillance System generalized additive models zoonosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/1/2 |
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