Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Decline: A Review of Potential Vulnerability and Protective Factors
Around 40% of dementia risk is attributable to modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Recently, sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), have also been considered among these factors. However, despite several epidemiological studies...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/706 |
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| author | Julie Legault Cynthia Thompson Marie-Ève Martineau-Dussault Claire André Andrée-Ann Baril Guillermo Martinez Villar Julie Carrier Nadia Gosselin |
| author_facet | Julie Legault Cynthia Thompson Marie-Ève Martineau-Dussault Claire André Andrée-Ann Baril Guillermo Martinez Villar Julie Carrier Nadia Gosselin |
| author_sort | Julie Legault |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Around 40% of dementia risk is attributable to modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Recently, sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), have also been considered among these factors. However, despite several epidemiological studies investigating the link between OSA and cognitive decline, there is still no consensus on whether OSA increases the risk of dementia or not. Part of the heterogeneity observed in previous studies might be related to some individual characteristics that modulate the association between OSA and cognitive decline. In this narrative review, we present these individual characteristics, namely, age, sex, menopause, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, depression, air pollution, <i>Apolipoprotein E ε4</i> allele, physical activity, and cognitive reserve. To date, large cohort studies of OSA and cognitive decline tended to statistically control for the effects of these variables, but whether they interact with OSA to predict cognitive decline remains to be elucidated. Being able to better predict who is at risk of cognitive decline when they have OSA would improve clinical management and treatment decisions, particularly when patients present relatively mild OSA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:00:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-91712b8cc47e497aacd133a856cd5c37 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:00:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-91712b8cc47e497aacd133a856cd5c372023-11-21T21:32:52ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252021-05-0111670610.3390/brainsci11060706Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Decline: A Review of Potential Vulnerability and Protective FactorsJulie Legault0Cynthia Thompson1Marie-Ève Martineau-Dussault2Claire André3Andrée-Ann Baril4Guillermo Martinez Villar5Julie Carrier6Nadia Gosselin7Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Recherche CIUSSS NIM, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, CanadaCenter for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Recherche CIUSSS NIM, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, CanadaCenter for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Recherche CIUSSS NIM, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, CanadaCenter for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Recherche CIUSSS NIM, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, CanadaDouglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, CanadaCenter for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Recherche CIUSSS NIM, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, CanadaCenter for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Recherche CIUSSS NIM, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, CanadaCenter for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Recherche CIUSSS NIM, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, CanadaAround 40% of dementia risk is attributable to modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Recently, sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), have also been considered among these factors. However, despite several epidemiological studies investigating the link between OSA and cognitive decline, there is still no consensus on whether OSA increases the risk of dementia or not. Part of the heterogeneity observed in previous studies might be related to some individual characteristics that modulate the association between OSA and cognitive decline. In this narrative review, we present these individual characteristics, namely, age, sex, menopause, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, depression, air pollution, <i>Apolipoprotein E ε4</i> allele, physical activity, and cognitive reserve. To date, large cohort studies of OSA and cognitive decline tended to statistically control for the effects of these variables, but whether they interact with OSA to predict cognitive decline remains to be elucidated. Being able to better predict who is at risk of cognitive decline when they have OSA would improve clinical management and treatment decisions, particularly when patients present relatively mild OSA.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/706agingsleepobstructive sleep apneacognitive declinemild cognitive impairmentAlzheimer’s disease |
| spellingShingle | Julie Legault Cynthia Thompson Marie-Ève Martineau-Dussault Claire André Andrée-Ann Baril Guillermo Martinez Villar Julie Carrier Nadia Gosselin Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Decline: A Review of Potential Vulnerability and Protective Factors Brain Sciences aging sleep obstructive sleep apnea cognitive decline mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer’s disease |
| title | Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Decline: A Review of Potential Vulnerability and Protective Factors |
| title_full | Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Decline: A Review of Potential Vulnerability and Protective Factors |
| title_fullStr | Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Decline: A Review of Potential Vulnerability and Protective Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Decline: A Review of Potential Vulnerability and Protective Factors |
| title_short | Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cognitive Decline: A Review of Potential Vulnerability and Protective Factors |
| title_sort | obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive decline a review of potential vulnerability and protective factors |
| topic | aging sleep obstructive sleep apnea cognitive decline mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer’s disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/706 |
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