Gadolinium Protects <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense Responses
Plant food production is severely affected by fungi; to cope with this problem, farmers use synthetic fungicides. However, the need to reduce fungicide application has led to a search for alternatives, such as biostimulants. Rare-earth elements (REEs) are widely used as biostimulants, but their mode...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4938 |
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| author | Juliana Santos Batista-Oliveira Damien Formey Martha Torres Wendy Aragón Yordan Jhovani Romero-Contreras Israel Maruri-López Alexandre Tromas Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada Mario Serrano |
| author_facet | Juliana Santos Batista-Oliveira Damien Formey Martha Torres Wendy Aragón Yordan Jhovani Romero-Contreras Israel Maruri-López Alexandre Tromas Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada Mario Serrano |
| author_sort | Juliana Santos Batista-Oliveira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Plant food production is severely affected by fungi; to cope with this problem, farmers use synthetic fungicides. However, the need to reduce fungicide application has led to a search for alternatives, such as biostimulants. Rare-earth elements (REEs) are widely used as biostimulants, but their mode of action and their potential as an alternative to synthetic fungicides have not been fully studied. Here, the biostimulant effect of gadolinium (Gd) is explored using the plant-pathosystem <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>–<i>Botrytis cinerea.</i> We determine that Gd induces local, systemic, and long-lasting plant defense responses to <i>B. cinerea</i>, without affecting fungal development. The physiological changes induced by Gd have been related to its structural resemblance to calcium. However, our results show that the calcium-induced defense response is not sufficient to protect plants against <i>B. cinerea</i>, compared to Gd. Furthermore, a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis shows that Gd induces plant defenses and modifies early and late defense responses. However, the resistance to <i>B. cinerea</i> is dependent on JA/ET-induced responses. These data support the conclusion that Gd can be used as a biocontrol agent for <i>B. cinerea</i>. These results are a valuable tool to uncover the molecular mechanisms induced by REEs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:39:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-919962e612a44188a639ccaf9b479ba7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:39:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-919962e612a44188a639ccaf9b479ba72023-11-21T18:34:34ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-05-01229493810.3390/ijms22094938Gadolinium Protects <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense ResponsesJuliana Santos Batista-Oliveira0Damien Formey1Martha Torres2Wendy Aragón3Yordan Jhovani Romero-Contreras4Israel Maruri-López5Alexandre Tromas6Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada7Mario Serrano8Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, MexicoCentro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, MexicoCentro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, MexicoCentro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, MexicoCentro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, MexicoCentro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, MexicoCentro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, MexicoDepartamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020, BrazilCentro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, MexicoPlant food production is severely affected by fungi; to cope with this problem, farmers use synthetic fungicides. However, the need to reduce fungicide application has led to a search for alternatives, such as biostimulants. Rare-earth elements (REEs) are widely used as biostimulants, but their mode of action and their potential as an alternative to synthetic fungicides have not been fully studied. Here, the biostimulant effect of gadolinium (Gd) is explored using the plant-pathosystem <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>–<i>Botrytis cinerea.</i> We determine that Gd induces local, systemic, and long-lasting plant defense responses to <i>B. cinerea</i>, without affecting fungal development. The physiological changes induced by Gd have been related to its structural resemblance to calcium. However, our results show that the calcium-induced defense response is not sufficient to protect plants against <i>B. cinerea</i>, compared to Gd. Furthermore, a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis shows that Gd induces plant defenses and modifies early and late defense responses. However, the resistance to <i>B. cinerea</i> is dependent on JA/ET-induced responses. These data support the conclusion that Gd can be used as a biocontrol agent for <i>B. cinerea</i>. These results are a valuable tool to uncover the molecular mechanisms induced by REEs.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4938<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>biostimulant<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>defense responsesgadoliniumrare-earth elements |
| spellingShingle | Juliana Santos Batista-Oliveira Damien Formey Martha Torres Wendy Aragón Yordan Jhovani Romero-Contreras Israel Maruri-López Alexandre Tromas Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada Mario Serrano Gadolinium Protects <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense Responses International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> biostimulant <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> defense responses gadolinium rare-earth elements |
| title | Gadolinium Protects <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense Responses |
| title_full | Gadolinium Protects <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense Responses |
| title_fullStr | Gadolinium Protects <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gadolinium Protects <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense Responses |
| title_short | Gadolinium Protects <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense Responses |
| title_sort | gadolinium protects i arabidopsis thaliana i against i botrytis cinerea i through the activation of ja et induced defense responses |
| topic | <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> biostimulant <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> defense responses gadolinium rare-earth elements |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4938 |
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