Preparation and Characterization of Starch/Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioplastic Composites Reinforced with Epoxidized Oils
This study examined the development of starch/oil palm empty fruit bunch-based bioplastic composites reinforced with either epoxidized palm oil (EPO) or epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), at various concentrations, in order to improve the mechanical and water-resistance properties of the bio-composites....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/1/94 |
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| author | Jianlei Yang Yern Chee Ching Cheng Hock Chuah Nai-Shang Liou |
| author_facet | Jianlei Yang Yern Chee Ching Cheng Hock Chuah Nai-Shang Liou |
| author_sort | Jianlei Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study examined the development of starch/oil palm empty fruit bunch-based bioplastic composites reinforced with either epoxidized palm oil (EPO) or epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), at various concentrations, in order to improve the mechanical and water-resistance properties of the bio-composites. The SEM micrographs showed that low content (0.75 wt%) of epoxidized oils (EOs), especially ESO, improved the compatibility of the composites, while high content (3 wt%) of EO induced many voids. The melting temperature of the composites was increased by the incorporation of both EOs. Thermal stability of the bioplastics was increased by the introduction of ESO. Low contents of EO led to a huge enhancement of tensile strength, while higher contents of EO showed a negative effect, due to the phase separation. The tensile strength increased from 0.83 MPa of the control sample to 3.92 and 5.42 MPa for the composites with 1.5 wt% EPO and 0.75 wt% ESO, respectively. EOs reduced the composites’ water uptake and solubility but increased the water vapor permeability. Overall, the reinforcing effect of ESO was better than EPO. These results suggested that both EOs can be utilized as modifiers to prepare starch/empty-fruit-bunch-based bioplastic composites with enhanced properties. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:42:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-919e89b63bc048028004ccd472a58bd1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:42:48Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-919e89b63bc048028004ccd472a58bd12023-11-21T02:53:22ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602020-12-011319410.3390/polym13010094Preparation and Characterization of Starch/Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioplastic Composites Reinforced with Epoxidized OilsJianlei Yang0Yern Chee Ching1Cheng Hock Chuah2Nai-Shang Liou3Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Nan-Tai Street, Yongkang Dist., Tainan City 710, TaiwanThis study examined the development of starch/oil palm empty fruit bunch-based bioplastic composites reinforced with either epoxidized palm oil (EPO) or epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), at various concentrations, in order to improve the mechanical and water-resistance properties of the bio-composites. The SEM micrographs showed that low content (0.75 wt%) of epoxidized oils (EOs), especially ESO, improved the compatibility of the composites, while high content (3 wt%) of EO induced many voids. The melting temperature of the composites was increased by the incorporation of both EOs. Thermal stability of the bioplastics was increased by the introduction of ESO. Low contents of EO led to a huge enhancement of tensile strength, while higher contents of EO showed a negative effect, due to the phase separation. The tensile strength increased from 0.83 MPa of the control sample to 3.92 and 5.42 MPa for the composites with 1.5 wt% EPO and 0.75 wt% ESO, respectively. EOs reduced the composites’ water uptake and solubility but increased the water vapor permeability. Overall, the reinforcing effect of ESO was better than EPO. These results suggested that both EOs can be utilized as modifiers to prepare starch/empty-fruit-bunch-based bioplastic composites with enhanced properties.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/1/94starchempty fruit bunchepoxidized palm oilepoxidized soybean oilcompatibilizer |
| spellingShingle | Jianlei Yang Yern Chee Ching Cheng Hock Chuah Nai-Shang Liou Preparation and Characterization of Starch/Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioplastic Composites Reinforced with Epoxidized Oils Polymers starch empty fruit bunch epoxidized palm oil epoxidized soybean oil compatibilizer |
| title | Preparation and Characterization of Starch/Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioplastic Composites Reinforced with Epoxidized Oils |
| title_full | Preparation and Characterization of Starch/Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioplastic Composites Reinforced with Epoxidized Oils |
| title_fullStr | Preparation and Characterization of Starch/Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioplastic Composites Reinforced with Epoxidized Oils |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparation and Characterization of Starch/Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioplastic Composites Reinforced with Epoxidized Oils |
| title_short | Preparation and Characterization of Starch/Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioplastic Composites Reinforced with Epoxidized Oils |
| title_sort | preparation and characterization of starch empty fruit bunch based bioplastic composites reinforced with epoxidized oils |
| topic | starch empty fruit bunch epoxidized palm oil epoxidized soybean oil compatibilizer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/1/94 |
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