Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling a new paradigm for healthcare delivery. This paradigm is known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). IoMT devices are typically connected via a wide range of wireless communication technologies, such a...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2695 |
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| author | Shang-Chih Ma Mohammad Alkhaleefah Yang-Lang Chang Joon Huang Chuah Wen-Yen Chang Chiung-Shen Ku Meng-Che Wu Lena Chang |
| author_facet | Shang-Chih Ma Mohammad Alkhaleefah Yang-Lang Chang Joon Huang Chuah Wen-Yen Chang Chiung-Shen Ku Meng-Che Wu Lena Chang |
| author_sort | Shang-Chih Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling a new paradigm for healthcare delivery. This paradigm is known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). IoMT devices are typically connected via a wide range of wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID), ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks. The ZigBee protocol is considered to be an ideal protocol for IoMT communication due to its low cost, low power usage, easy implementation, and appropriate level of security. However, maintaining ZigBee’s high reliability is a major challenge due to multi-path fading and interference from coexisting wireless networks. This has increased the demand for more efficient channel coding schemes that can achieve a more reliable transmission of vital patient data for ZigBee-based IoMT communications. To meet this demand, a novel coding scheme called inter-multilevel super-orthogonal space–time coding (IM-SOSTC) can be implemented by combining the multilevel coding and set partitioning of super-orthogonal space–time block codes based on the coding gain distance (CGD) criterion. The proposed IM-SOSTC utilizes a technique that provides inter-level dependency between adjacent multilevel coded blocks to facilitate high spectral efficiency, which has been compromised previously by the high coding gain due to the multilevel outer code. In this paper, the performance of IM-SOSTC is compared to other related schemes via a computer simulation that utilizes the quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results show that IM-SOSTC outperforms other related coding schemes and is capable of providing the optimal trade-off between coding gain and spectral efficiency whilst guaranteeing full diversity and low complexity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:25:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-91a39988c70f4b69b55b74642aa0497f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:25:27Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-91a39988c70f4b69b55b74642aa0497f2023-12-01T00:03:41ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-03-01227269510.3390/s22072695Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT CommunicationsShang-Chih Ma0Mohammad Alkhaleefah1Yang-Lang Chang2Joon Huang Chuah3Wen-Yen Chang4Chiung-Shen Ku5Meng-Che Wu6Lena Chang7Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, TaiwanNational Space Organization, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 30078, TaiwanDepartment of Communications, Navigation and Control Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, TaiwanThe Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling a new paradigm for healthcare delivery. This paradigm is known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). IoMT devices are typically connected via a wide range of wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID), ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks. The ZigBee protocol is considered to be an ideal protocol for IoMT communication due to its low cost, low power usage, easy implementation, and appropriate level of security. However, maintaining ZigBee’s high reliability is a major challenge due to multi-path fading and interference from coexisting wireless networks. This has increased the demand for more efficient channel coding schemes that can achieve a more reliable transmission of vital patient data for ZigBee-based IoMT communications. To meet this demand, a novel coding scheme called inter-multilevel super-orthogonal space–time coding (IM-SOSTC) can be implemented by combining the multilevel coding and set partitioning of super-orthogonal space–time block codes based on the coding gain distance (CGD) criterion. The proposed IM-SOSTC utilizes a technique that provides inter-level dependency between adjacent multilevel coded blocks to facilitate high spectral efficiency, which has been compromised previously by the high coding gain due to the multilevel outer code. In this paper, the performance of IM-SOSTC is compared to other related schemes via a computer simulation that utilizes the quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results show that IM-SOSTC outperforms other related coding schemes and is capable of providing the optimal trade-off between coding gain and spectral efficiency whilst guaranteeing full diversity and low complexity.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2695channel codinginter-level dependency codesInternet of Medical Things (IoMT)multilevel coding techniquesuper-orthogonal space–time codesZigBee |
| spellingShingle | Shang-Chih Ma Mohammad Alkhaleefah Yang-Lang Chang Joon Huang Chuah Wen-Yen Chang Chiung-Shen Ku Meng-Che Wu Lena Chang Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications Sensors channel coding inter-level dependency codes Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) multilevel coding technique super-orthogonal space–time codes ZigBee |
| title | Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications |
| title_full | Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications |
| title_fullStr | Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications |
| title_short | Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications |
| title_sort | inter multilevel super orthogonal space time coding scheme for reliable zigbee based iomt communications |
| topic | channel coding inter-level dependency codes Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) multilevel coding technique super-orthogonal space–time codes ZigBee |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2695 |
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