Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes
Despite many decades of studies, our knowledge of skeletal development in birds is limited in many aspects. One of them is the development of the vertebral column. For many years it was widely believed that the column ossifies anteroposteriorly. However, later studies indicated that such a pattern i...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-01-01
|
| Series: | Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/180 |
| _version_ | 1797482616305221632 |
|---|---|
| author | Tomasz Skawiński Piotr Kuziak Janusz Kloskowski Bartosz Borczyk |
| author_facet | Tomasz Skawiński Piotr Kuziak Janusz Kloskowski Bartosz Borczyk |
| author_sort | Tomasz Skawiński |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite many decades of studies, our knowledge of skeletal development in birds is limited in many aspects. One of them is the development of the vertebral column. For many years it was widely believed that the column ossifies anteroposteriorly. However, later studies indicated that such a pattern is not universal in birds and in many groups the ossification starts in the thoracic rather than cervical region. Recent analyses suggest that two loci, located in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, were ancestrally present in birds. However, the data on skeletal development are very scarce in the Neoaves, a clade that includes approximately 95% of extant species. We review the available information about the vertebral column development in birds and describe the ossification pattern in three neoavians, the domestic pigeon (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>), the great crested grebe (<i>Podiceps cristatus</i>) and the red-necked grebe (<i>Podiceps grisegena</i>). In <i>P. cristatus</i>, the vertebral column starts ossifying in the thoracic region. The second locus is present in the cervical vertebrae. In the pigeon, the cervical vertebrae ossify before the thoracics, but both the thoracic and cervical loci are present. Our ancestral state reconstructions confirm that both these loci were ancestrally present in birds, but the thoracic locus was later lost in psittacopasserans and at least some galloanserans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:35:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-91b55d418d514f29ad7932129048bd76 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:35:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-91b55d418d514f29ad7932129048bd762023-11-23T18:49:17ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-01-0111218010.3390/biology11020180Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of GrebesTomasz Skawiński0Piotr Kuziak1Janusz Kloskowski2Bartosz Borczyk3Department of Palaeozoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, PolandDespite many decades of studies, our knowledge of skeletal development in birds is limited in many aspects. One of them is the development of the vertebral column. For many years it was widely believed that the column ossifies anteroposteriorly. However, later studies indicated that such a pattern is not universal in birds and in many groups the ossification starts in the thoracic rather than cervical region. Recent analyses suggest that two loci, located in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, were ancestrally present in birds. However, the data on skeletal development are very scarce in the Neoaves, a clade that includes approximately 95% of extant species. We review the available information about the vertebral column development in birds and describe the ossification pattern in three neoavians, the domestic pigeon (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>), the great crested grebe (<i>Podiceps cristatus</i>) and the red-necked grebe (<i>Podiceps grisegena</i>). In <i>P. cristatus</i>, the vertebral column starts ossifying in the thoracic region. The second locus is present in the cervical vertebrae. In the pigeon, the cervical vertebrae ossify before the thoracics, but both the thoracic and cervical loci are present. Our ancestral state reconstructions confirm that both these loci were ancestrally present in birds, but the thoracic locus was later lost in psittacopasserans and at least some galloanserans.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/180axial skeletonbirdsevo-devoossification sequencesskeletogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Tomasz Skawiński Piotr Kuziak Janusz Kloskowski Bartosz Borczyk Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes Biology axial skeleton birds evo-devo ossification sequences skeletogenesis |
| title | Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes |
| title_full | Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes |
| title_fullStr | Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes |
| title_short | Phylogenetic Diversity of Ossification Patterns in the Avian Vertebral Column: A Review and New Data from the Domestic Pigeon and Two Species of Grebes |
| title_sort | phylogenetic diversity of ossification patterns in the avian vertebral column a review and new data from the domestic pigeon and two species of grebes |
| topic | axial skeleton birds evo-devo ossification sequences skeletogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/180 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tomaszskawinski phylogeneticdiversityofossificationpatternsintheavianvertebralcolumnareviewandnewdatafromthedomesticpigeonandtwospeciesofgrebes AT piotrkuziak phylogeneticdiversityofossificationpatternsintheavianvertebralcolumnareviewandnewdatafromthedomesticpigeonandtwospeciesofgrebes AT januszkloskowski phylogeneticdiversityofossificationpatternsintheavianvertebralcolumnareviewandnewdatafromthedomesticpigeonandtwospeciesofgrebes AT bartoszborczyk phylogeneticdiversityofossificationpatternsintheavianvertebralcolumnareviewandnewdatafromthedomesticpigeonandtwospeciesofgrebes |