Chemical composition and antioxidant/antibacterial depictions of Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel Oil
Date palm “Phoenix dactylifera” variety Zahidi is a unique well-known cultivar. Mature fruits are semi-dry, medium size, cylindrically shaped and golden brown. However, there are three stages to harvesting the dates soft, hard or semi-soft. In this research, the oil processed from the seed/kernel of...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-10-01
|
| Series: | Journal of King Saud University: Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364723002793 |
| _version_ | 1797687713968685056 |
|---|---|
| author | Maha I. Alkhalaf Grant C. Churchill Mohamed E.S. Mirghani |
| author_facet | Maha I. Alkhalaf Grant C. Churchill Mohamed E.S. Mirghani |
| author_sort | Maha I. Alkhalaf |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Date palm “Phoenix dactylifera” variety Zahidi is a unique well-known cultivar. Mature fruits are semi-dry, medium size, cylindrically shaped and golden brown. However, there are three stages to harvesting the dates soft, hard or semi-soft. In this research, the oil processed from the seed/kernel of the date palm Zahidi is chemically analysed for its composition, antioxidant capacity and its antibacterial properties were investigated. Date seeds were ground and extracted for the oil. Wet chemical analyses were implemented on the extracted oil via various analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Oil fractions of ethanol, methanol and acetone were tested for antibacterial activity, which was evaluated employing the Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method. Antibacterial action was examined for four bacterial strains; two of them representing Gram-positive such as Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the other two for Gram-negative such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The antibiotics tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, gentamycin and vancomycin were used as positive standards. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the bacterial strains were tested and evaluated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated as free-radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2,2 - diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radicals for the methanol fraction (MF), remaining lipid fraction (LF) and non-fractioned oil, i.e., the total fraction (TF). The RSCs for the MF, LF and TF were 42.5, 9.1 and 68.3, respectively. Zahidi seed/kernel oil extract inhibited all of the test microorganisms, with MICs that ranged from 10 to 42 mg/mL and MBCs were found to be ranged between 21 and 167 mg/mL. These outcomes suggest that the extracts could be developed as a foundation of expected antimicrobial complexes to fight unwanted bacteria in foods. Overall, the results showed that the oil is suitable for food, cosmetics, personal care products and pharmaceuticals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T01:21:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-91ef7bf4216c4d34aca8f4634c51ef5b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1018-3647 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T01:21:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of King Saud University: Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-91ef7bf4216c4d34aca8f4634c51ef5b2023-09-13T04:24:43ZengElsevierJournal of King Saud University: Science1018-36472023-10-01357102817Chemical composition and antioxidant/antibacterial depictions of Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel OilMaha I. Alkhalaf0Grant C. Churchill1Mohamed E.S. Mirghani2Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Corresponding author.Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomInternational Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Gombak, MalaysiaDate palm “Phoenix dactylifera” variety Zahidi is a unique well-known cultivar. Mature fruits are semi-dry, medium size, cylindrically shaped and golden brown. However, there are three stages to harvesting the dates soft, hard or semi-soft. In this research, the oil processed from the seed/kernel of the date palm Zahidi is chemically analysed for its composition, antioxidant capacity and its antibacterial properties were investigated. Date seeds were ground and extracted for the oil. Wet chemical analyses were implemented on the extracted oil via various analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Oil fractions of ethanol, methanol and acetone were tested for antibacterial activity, which was evaluated employing the Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method. Antibacterial action was examined for four bacterial strains; two of them representing Gram-positive such as Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the other two for Gram-negative such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The antibiotics tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, gentamycin and vancomycin were used as positive standards. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the bacterial strains were tested and evaluated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated as free-radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2,2 - diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radicals for the methanol fraction (MF), remaining lipid fraction (LF) and non-fractioned oil, i.e., the total fraction (TF). The RSCs for the MF, LF and TF were 42.5, 9.1 and 68.3, respectively. Zahidi seed/kernel oil extract inhibited all of the test microorganisms, with MICs that ranged from 10 to 42 mg/mL and MBCs were found to be ranged between 21 and 167 mg/mL. These outcomes suggest that the extracts could be developed as a foundation of expected antimicrobial complexes to fight unwanted bacteria in foods. Overall, the results showed that the oil is suitable for food, cosmetics, personal care products and pharmaceuticals.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364723002793AntioxidantAntibacterialdate palm (Phoenix dactylifera)DPPH·GC–MSLipid fraction |
| spellingShingle | Maha I. Alkhalaf Grant C. Churchill Mohamed E.S. Mirghani Chemical composition and antioxidant/antibacterial depictions of Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel Oil Journal of King Saud University: Science Antioxidant Antibacterial date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) DPPH· GC–MS Lipid fraction |
| title | Chemical composition and antioxidant/antibacterial depictions of Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel Oil |
| title_full | Chemical composition and antioxidant/antibacterial depictions of Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel Oil |
| title_fullStr | Chemical composition and antioxidant/antibacterial depictions of Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical composition and antioxidant/antibacterial depictions of Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel Oil |
| title_short | Chemical composition and antioxidant/antibacterial depictions of Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) kernel Oil |
| title_sort | chemical composition and antioxidant antibacterial depictions of zahidi date palm phoenix dactylifera kernel oil |
| topic | Antioxidant Antibacterial date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) DPPH· GC–MS Lipid fraction |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364723002793 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mahaialkhalaf chemicalcompositionandantioxidantantibacterialdepictionsofzahididatepalmphoenixdactyliferakerneloil AT grantcchurchill chemicalcompositionandantioxidantantibacterialdepictionsofzahididatepalmphoenixdactyliferakerneloil AT mohamedesmirghani chemicalcompositionandantioxidantantibacterialdepictionsofzahididatepalmphoenixdactyliferakerneloil |