Quantified, Interactive Simulation of AMCW ToF Camera Including Multipath Effects
In the last decade, Time-of-Flight (ToF) range cameras have gained increasing popularity in robotics, automotive industry, and home entertainment. Despite technological developments, ToF cameras still suffer from error sources such as multipath interference or motion artifacts. Thus, simulation of T...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-12-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/1/13 |
| _version_ | 1811305528745263104 |
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| author | David Bulczak Martin Lambers Andreas Kolb |
| author_facet | David Bulczak Martin Lambers Andreas Kolb |
| author_sort | David Bulczak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the last decade, Time-of-Flight (ToF) range cameras have gained increasing popularity in robotics, automotive industry, and home entertainment. Despite technological developments, ToF cameras still suffer from error sources such as multipath interference or motion artifacts. Thus, simulation of ToF cameras, including these artifacts, is important to improve camera and algorithm development. This paper presents a physically-based, interactive simulation technique for amplitude modulated continuous wave (AMCW) ToF cameras, which, among other error sources, includes single bounce indirect multipath interference based on an enhanced image-space approach. The simulation accounts for physical units down to the charge level accumulated in sensor pixels. Furthermore, we present the first quantified comparison for ToF camera simulators. We present bidirectional reference distribution function (BRDF) measurements for selected, purchasable materials in the near-infrared (NIR) range, craft real and synthetic scenes out of these materials and quantitatively compare the range sensor data. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:28:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-91f564bfacf94b2c9d6a7407b9ffc0af |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:28:08Z |
| publishDate | 2017-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-91f564bfacf94b2c9d6a7407b9ffc0af2022-12-22T02:54:23ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202017-12-011811310.3390/s18010013s18010013Quantified, Interactive Simulation of AMCW ToF Camera Including Multipath EffectsDavid Bulczak0Martin Lambers1Andreas Kolb2Computer Graphics Group, Institute for Vision and Graphics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, GermanyComputer Graphics Group, Institute for Vision and Graphics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, GermanyComputer Graphics Group, Institute for Vision and Graphics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, GermanyIn the last decade, Time-of-Flight (ToF) range cameras have gained increasing popularity in robotics, automotive industry, and home entertainment. Despite technological developments, ToF cameras still suffer from error sources such as multipath interference or motion artifacts. Thus, simulation of ToF cameras, including these artifacts, is important to improve camera and algorithm development. This paper presents a physically-based, interactive simulation technique for amplitude modulated continuous wave (AMCW) ToF cameras, which, among other error sources, includes single bounce indirect multipath interference based on an enhanced image-space approach. The simulation accounts for physical units down to the charge level accumulated in sensor pixels. Furthermore, we present the first quantified comparison for ToF camera simulators. We present bidirectional reference distribution function (BRDF) measurements for selected, purchasable materials in the near-infrared (NIR) range, craft real and synthetic scenes out of these materials and quantitatively compare the range sensor data.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/1/13time-of-flightsensor simulationBRDF |
| spellingShingle | David Bulczak Martin Lambers Andreas Kolb Quantified, Interactive Simulation of AMCW ToF Camera Including Multipath Effects Sensors time-of-flight sensor simulation BRDF |
| title | Quantified, Interactive Simulation of AMCW ToF Camera Including Multipath Effects |
| title_full | Quantified, Interactive Simulation of AMCW ToF Camera Including Multipath Effects |
| title_fullStr | Quantified, Interactive Simulation of AMCW ToF Camera Including Multipath Effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantified, Interactive Simulation of AMCW ToF Camera Including Multipath Effects |
| title_short | Quantified, Interactive Simulation of AMCW ToF Camera Including Multipath Effects |
| title_sort | quantified interactive simulation of amcw tof camera including multipath effects |
| topic | time-of-flight sensor simulation BRDF |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/1/13 |
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