Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i>
Ginseng is a vastly used herbal supplement in Southeast Asian countries. Red ginseng extract enriched with Rg3 (Rg3-RGE) is a formula that has been extensively studied owing to its various biological properties. <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> (PT), belonging to the <i>Polygonaceae<...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-11-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5230 |
| _version_ | 1827702561465958400 |
|---|---|
| author | Evelyn Saba Yuan Yee Lee Man Hee Rhee Sung-Dae Kim |
| author_facet | Evelyn Saba Yuan Yee Lee Man Hee Rhee Sung-Dae Kim |
| author_sort | Evelyn Saba |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ginseng is a vastly used herbal supplement in Southeast Asian countries. Red ginseng extract enriched with Rg3 (Rg3-RGE) is a formula that has been extensively studied owing to its various biological properties. <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> (PT), belonging to the <i>Polygonaceae</i> family, has also been reported for its anti-inflammatory properties. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is inflammation of the large intestine, particularly in the colon. This disease is increasingly common and has high probability of relapse. We investigated, separately and in combination, the effects of Rg3-RGE and PT using murine exemplary of UC induced by DSS (Dextran Sulfate Sodium). For in vitro and in vivo experiments, nitric oxide assay, qRT-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Western blot, ulcerative colitis introduced by DSS, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry analysis were performed. The results obtained demonstrate that treatment with Rg3-RGE + PT showed synergism to suppress inflammation (in vitro) in RAW 264.7 cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor κB pathways. Moreover, in C57BL/6 mice, this mixture exhibits strong anti-inflammatory effects in restoring colon length, histopathological damage, pro-inflammatory mediators, and cytokines amount, and decreasing levels of <i>NLRP3</i> inflammasome (in vivo). Our results recommend that this mixture can be used for the prevention of UC as a prophylactic/therapeutic supplement. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:58:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-91fc9d78c23f4cdcb6e2fd601e67bcc5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:58:02Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-91fc9d78c23f4cdcb6e2fd601e67bcc52023-11-20T20:23:55ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-11-012522523010.3390/molecules25225230Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i>Evelyn Saba0Yuan Yee Lee1Man Hee Rhee2Sung-Dae Kim3Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, KoreaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, KoreaResearch Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, KoreaGinseng is a vastly used herbal supplement in Southeast Asian countries. Red ginseng extract enriched with Rg3 (Rg3-RGE) is a formula that has been extensively studied owing to its various biological properties. <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> (PT), belonging to the <i>Polygonaceae</i> family, has also been reported for its anti-inflammatory properties. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is inflammation of the large intestine, particularly in the colon. This disease is increasingly common and has high probability of relapse. We investigated, separately and in combination, the effects of Rg3-RGE and PT using murine exemplary of UC induced by DSS (Dextran Sulfate Sodium). For in vitro and in vivo experiments, nitric oxide assay, qRT-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Western blot, ulcerative colitis introduced by DSS, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry analysis were performed. The results obtained demonstrate that treatment with Rg3-RGE + PT showed synergism to suppress inflammation (in vitro) in RAW 264.7 cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor κB pathways. Moreover, in C57BL/6 mice, this mixture exhibits strong anti-inflammatory effects in restoring colon length, histopathological damage, pro-inflammatory mediators, and cytokines amount, and decreasing levels of <i>NLRP3</i> inflammasome (in vivo). Our results recommend that this mixture can be used for the prevention of UC as a prophylactic/therapeutic supplement.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5230Rg3-RGE<i>Persicaria tinctoria</i>ulcerative colitis<i>NF-κB</i><i>NLRP3</i> |
| spellingShingle | Evelyn Saba Yuan Yee Lee Man Hee Rhee Sung-Dae Kim Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> Molecules Rg3-RGE <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> ulcerative colitis <i>NF-κB</i> <i>NLRP3</i> |
| title | Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> |
| title_full | Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> |
| title_fullStr | Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> |
| title_short | Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis Potentially through th1/th2 Cytokine Balance by a Mixture of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng Extract and <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> |
| title_sort | alleviation of ulcerative colitis potentially through th1 th2 cytokine balance by a mixture of rg3 enriched korean red ginseng extract and i persicaria tinctoria i |
| topic | Rg3-RGE <i>Persicaria tinctoria</i> ulcerative colitis <i>NF-κB</i> <i>NLRP3</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5230 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT evelynsaba alleviationofulcerativecolitispotentiallythroughth1th2cytokinebalancebyamixtureofrg3enrichedkoreanredginsengextractandipersicariatinctoriai AT yuanyeelee alleviationofulcerativecolitispotentiallythroughth1th2cytokinebalancebyamixtureofrg3enrichedkoreanredginsengextractandipersicariatinctoriai AT manheerhee alleviationofulcerativecolitispotentiallythroughth1th2cytokinebalancebyamixtureofrg3enrichedkoreanredginsengextractandipersicariatinctoriai AT sungdaekim alleviationofulcerativecolitispotentiallythroughth1th2cytokinebalancebyamixtureofrg3enrichedkoreanredginsengextractandipersicariatinctoriai |