Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic Embryogenesis
Conifer somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process driven by exogenously supplied plant growth regulators (PGRs). Exogenous PGRs and endogenous phytohormones trigger particular ontogenetic events. Complex mechanisms involving a number of endogenous phytohormones control the differentiation of cells and...
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| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.01283/full |
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| author | Zuzana Vondrakova Petre I. Dobrev Bedrich Pesek Lucie Fischerova Martin Vagner Vaclav Motyka |
| author_facet | Zuzana Vondrakova Petre I. Dobrev Bedrich Pesek Lucie Fischerova Martin Vagner Vaclav Motyka |
| author_sort | Zuzana Vondrakova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Conifer somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process driven by exogenously supplied plant growth regulators (PGRs). Exogenous PGRs and endogenous phytohormones trigger particular ontogenetic events. Complex mechanisms involving a number of endogenous phytohormones control the differentiation of cells and tissues, as well as the establishment of structures and organs. Most of the mechanisms and hormonal functions in the SE of conifers have not yet been described. With the aim to better understand these mechanisms, we provided detailed analysis of the spectrum of endogenous phytohormones over the course of SE in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Concentrations of endogenous phytohormones including auxins, cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonates, and salicylic acid (SA) in somatic P. abies embryos were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The results revealed that the concentrations of particular phytohormone classes varied substantially between proliferation, maturation, desiccation, and germination. Endogenous ABA showed a maximum concentration at the maturation stage, which reflected the presence of exogenous ABA in the medium and demonstrated its efficient perception by the embryos as a prerequisite for their further development. Auxins also had concentration maxima at the maturation stage, suggesting a role in embryo polarization. Endogenous jasmonates were detected in conifer somatic embryos for the first time, and reached maxima at germination. According to our knowledge, we have presented evidence for the involvement of the non-indole auxin phenylacetic acid, cis-zeatin- and dihydrozeatin-type CKs and SA in SE for the first time. The presented results represent the currently most comprehensive overview of plant hormone levels in embryos throughout the whole process of conifer SE. The differences in concentrations of various classes of phytohormones over the proliferation, maturation, desiccation, and germination in somatic P. abies embryos clearly indicate correlations between endogenous phytohormone profiles and particular developmental stages of the SE of conifers. |
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9217b6e3f906489b8ca6f144f1159916 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:37:52Z |
| publishDate | 2018-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-9217b6e3f906489b8ca6f144f11599162022-12-22T02:22:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2018-09-01910.3389/fpls.2018.01283385031Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic EmbryogenesisZuzana Vondrakova0Petre I. Dobrev1Bedrich Pesek2Lucie Fischerova3Martin Vagner4Vaclav Motyka5Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CzechiaLaboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CzechiaLaboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CzechiaLaboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CzechiaLaboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CzechiaLaboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CzechiaConifer somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process driven by exogenously supplied plant growth regulators (PGRs). Exogenous PGRs and endogenous phytohormones trigger particular ontogenetic events. Complex mechanisms involving a number of endogenous phytohormones control the differentiation of cells and tissues, as well as the establishment of structures and organs. Most of the mechanisms and hormonal functions in the SE of conifers have not yet been described. With the aim to better understand these mechanisms, we provided detailed analysis of the spectrum of endogenous phytohormones over the course of SE in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Concentrations of endogenous phytohormones including auxins, cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonates, and salicylic acid (SA) in somatic P. abies embryos were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The results revealed that the concentrations of particular phytohormone classes varied substantially between proliferation, maturation, desiccation, and germination. Endogenous ABA showed a maximum concentration at the maturation stage, which reflected the presence of exogenous ABA in the medium and demonstrated its efficient perception by the embryos as a prerequisite for their further development. Auxins also had concentration maxima at the maturation stage, suggesting a role in embryo polarization. Endogenous jasmonates were detected in conifer somatic embryos for the first time, and reached maxima at germination. According to our knowledge, we have presented evidence for the involvement of the non-indole auxin phenylacetic acid, cis-zeatin- and dihydrozeatin-type CKs and SA in SE for the first time. The presented results represent the currently most comprehensive overview of plant hormone levels in embryos throughout the whole process of conifer SE. The differences in concentrations of various classes of phytohormones over the proliferation, maturation, desiccation, and germination in somatic P. abies embryos clearly indicate correlations between endogenous phytohormone profiles and particular developmental stages of the SE of conifers.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.01283/fullsomatic embryosauxinscytokininsabscisic acidjasmonatessalicylic acid |
| spellingShingle | Zuzana Vondrakova Petre I. Dobrev Bedrich Pesek Lucie Fischerova Martin Vagner Vaclav Motyka Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic Embryogenesis Frontiers in Plant Science somatic embryos auxins cytokinins abscisic acid jasmonates salicylic acid |
| title | Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_full | Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_fullStr | Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_short | Profiles of Endogenous Phytohormones Over the Course of Norway Spruce Somatic Embryogenesis |
| title_sort | profiles of endogenous phytohormones over the course of norway spruce somatic embryogenesis |
| topic | somatic embryos auxins cytokinins abscisic acid jasmonates salicylic acid |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.01283/full |
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