One-Step Fabrication of Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene for Breath Monitor Sensors
Irregularities in breathing patterns can be detected using breath monitor sensors, and this help clinicians to predict health disorders ranging from sleep disorders to heart failures. Variations in humidity during the inhalation and exhalation of breath have been utilized as a marker to detect breat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/2/209 |
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| author | Wei Yin Lim Choon-Hian Goh Keenan Zhihong Yap Narayanan Ramakrishnan |
| author_facet | Wei Yin Lim Choon-Hian Goh Keenan Zhihong Yap Narayanan Ramakrishnan |
| author_sort | Wei Yin Lim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Irregularities in breathing patterns can be detected using breath monitor sensors, and this help clinicians to predict health disorders ranging from sleep disorders to heart failures. Variations in humidity during the inhalation and exhalation of breath have been utilized as a marker to detect breath patterns, and graphene-based devices are the favored sensing media for relative humidity (RH). In general, most graphene-based RH sensors have been used to explore resistance change as a measurement parameter to calibrate against the RH value, and they are prone to noise interference. Here, we fabricated RH sensors using graphene ink as a sensing medium and printed them in the shape of interdigital electrodes on glossy paper using an office inkjet printer. Further, we investigated the capacitance change in the sensor for the RH changes in the range of 10–70%. It exhibited excellent sensitivity with 0.03 pF/% RH, good stability, and high intraday and interday repeatability, with relative standard deviations of 1.2% and 2.2%, respectively. Finally, the sensor was embedded into a face mask and interfaced with a microcontroller, and capacitance change was measured under three different breathing situations: normal breathing, deep breathing, and coughing. The result show that the dominant frequency for normal breath is 0.22 Hz, for deep breath, it is 0.11 Hz, and there was no significant dominant cough frequency due to persistent coughing and inconsistent patterns. Moreover, the sensor exhibited a short response and recovery time (<5 s) during inhalation and exhalation. Thus, the proposed paper-based RH sensor is promising wearable and disposable healthcare technology for clinical and home care health applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:05:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-92397b5304464865885e6f061f527580 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:05:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-92397b5304464865885e6f061f5275802023-11-16T19:25:35ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742023-01-0113220910.3390/bios13020209One-Step Fabrication of Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene for Breath Monitor SensorsWei Yin Lim0Choon-Hian Goh1Keenan Zhihong Yap2Narayanan Ramakrishnan3Nano and Micro Devices Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science (LKCFES), Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43200, MalaysiaNano and Micro Devices Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, MalaysiaNano and Micro Devices Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, MalaysiaIrregularities in breathing patterns can be detected using breath monitor sensors, and this help clinicians to predict health disorders ranging from sleep disorders to heart failures. Variations in humidity during the inhalation and exhalation of breath have been utilized as a marker to detect breath patterns, and graphene-based devices are the favored sensing media for relative humidity (RH). In general, most graphene-based RH sensors have been used to explore resistance change as a measurement parameter to calibrate against the RH value, and they are prone to noise interference. Here, we fabricated RH sensors using graphene ink as a sensing medium and printed them in the shape of interdigital electrodes on glossy paper using an office inkjet printer. Further, we investigated the capacitance change in the sensor for the RH changes in the range of 10–70%. It exhibited excellent sensitivity with 0.03 pF/% RH, good stability, and high intraday and interday repeatability, with relative standard deviations of 1.2% and 2.2%, respectively. Finally, the sensor was embedded into a face mask and interfaced with a microcontroller, and capacitance change was measured under three different breathing situations: normal breathing, deep breathing, and coughing. The result show that the dominant frequency for normal breath is 0.22 Hz, for deep breath, it is 0.11 Hz, and there was no significant dominant cough frequency due to persistent coughing and inconsistent patterns. Moreover, the sensor exhibited a short response and recovery time (<5 s) during inhalation and exhalation. Thus, the proposed paper-based RH sensor is promising wearable and disposable healthcare technology for clinical and home care health applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/2/209breath monitoringcapacitive sensorsgraphene inkinkjet printingpaper sensorrelative humidity sensor |
| spellingShingle | Wei Yin Lim Choon-Hian Goh Keenan Zhihong Yap Narayanan Ramakrishnan One-Step Fabrication of Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene for Breath Monitor Sensors Biosensors breath monitoring capacitive sensors graphene ink inkjet printing paper sensor relative humidity sensor |
| title | One-Step Fabrication of Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene for Breath Monitor Sensors |
| title_full | One-Step Fabrication of Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene for Breath Monitor Sensors |
| title_fullStr | One-Step Fabrication of Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene for Breath Monitor Sensors |
| title_full_unstemmed | One-Step Fabrication of Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene for Breath Monitor Sensors |
| title_short | One-Step Fabrication of Paper-Based Inkjet-Printed Graphene for Breath Monitor Sensors |
| title_sort | one step fabrication of paper based inkjet printed graphene for breath monitor sensors |
| topic | breath monitoring capacitive sensors graphene ink inkjet printing paper sensor relative humidity sensor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/2/209 |
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