An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy)
Land subsidence affects many areas of the world, posing a serious threat to human structures and infrastructures. It can be effectively monitored using ground-based and remote sensing techniques, such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSA...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5578 |
| _version_ | 1797466610882052096 |
|---|---|
| author | Massimo Fabris Mattia Battaglia Xue Chen Andrea Menin Michele Monego Mario Floris |
| author_facet | Massimo Fabris Mattia Battaglia Xue Chen Andrea Menin Michele Monego Mario Floris |
| author_sort | Massimo Fabris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Land subsidence affects many areas of the world, posing a serious threat to human structures and infrastructures. It can be effectively monitored using ground-based and remote sensing techniques, such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). GNSS provides high precision measurements, but in a limited number of points, and is time-consuming, while InSAR allows one to obtain a very large number of measurement points, but only in areas characterized by a high and constant reflectivity of the signal. The aim of this work is to propose an approach to combine the two techniques, overcoming the limits of each of them. The approach was applied in the Po River Delta (PRD), an area located in Northern Italy and historically affected by land subsidence. Ground-based GNSS data from three continuous stations (CGNSS) and 46 non-permanent sites (NPS) measured in 2016, 2018, and 2020, and Sentinel-1 and COSMO-SkyMed SAR data acquired from 2016 to 2020, were considered. In the first phase of the method, InSAR processing was calibrated and verified through CGNSS measurements; subsequently, the calibrated interferometric data were used to validate the GNSS measurements of the NPS. In the second phase, the datasets were integrated to provide an efficient monitoring system, extracting high-resolution deformation maps. The results showed a good agreement between the different sources of data, a high correlation between the displacement rate and the age of the emerged surfaces composed of unconsolidated fine sediments, and high land subsidence rates along the coastal area (up to 16–18 mm/year), where the most recent deposits outcrop. The proposed approach makes it possible to overcome the disadvantages of each technique by providing more complete and detailed information for a better understanding of the ongoing phenomenon. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:41:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-92be34eeb30946a99ebc9fcfb0933870 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:41:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-92be34eeb30946a99ebc9fcfb09338702023-11-24T06:41:19ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-11-011421557810.3390/rs14215578An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy)Massimo Fabris0Mattia Battaglia1Xue Chen2Andrea Menin3Michele Monego4Mario Floris5Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, ItalySpektra S.R.L.—A Trimble Company, Via Pellizzari 23/A, 20871 Vimercate, ItalyNational Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, ChinaDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, ItalyDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, ItalyDepartment of Geosciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, ItalyLand subsidence affects many areas of the world, posing a serious threat to human structures and infrastructures. It can be effectively monitored using ground-based and remote sensing techniques, such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). GNSS provides high precision measurements, but in a limited number of points, and is time-consuming, while InSAR allows one to obtain a very large number of measurement points, but only in areas characterized by a high and constant reflectivity of the signal. The aim of this work is to propose an approach to combine the two techniques, overcoming the limits of each of them. The approach was applied in the Po River Delta (PRD), an area located in Northern Italy and historically affected by land subsidence. Ground-based GNSS data from three continuous stations (CGNSS) and 46 non-permanent sites (NPS) measured in 2016, 2018, and 2020, and Sentinel-1 and COSMO-SkyMed SAR data acquired from 2016 to 2020, were considered. In the first phase of the method, InSAR processing was calibrated and verified through CGNSS measurements; subsequently, the calibrated interferometric data were used to validate the GNSS measurements of the NPS. In the second phase, the datasets were integrated to provide an efficient monitoring system, extracting high-resolution deformation maps. The results showed a good agreement between the different sources of data, a high correlation between the displacement rate and the age of the emerged surfaces composed of unconsolidated fine sediments, and high land subsidence rates along the coastal area (up to 16–18 mm/year), where the most recent deposits outcrop. The proposed approach makes it possible to overcome the disadvantages of each technique by providing more complete and detailed information for a better understanding of the ongoing phenomenon.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5578InSARGNSSintegrationmonitoring systemland subsidencePo River Delta |
| spellingShingle | Massimo Fabris Mattia Battaglia Xue Chen Andrea Menin Michele Monego Mario Floris An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy) Remote Sensing InSAR GNSS integration monitoring system land subsidence Po River Delta |
| title | An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy) |
| title_full | An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy) |
| title_fullStr | An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy) |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy) |
| title_short | An Integrated InSAR and GNSS Approach to Monitor Land Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy) |
| title_sort | integrated insar and gnss approach to monitor land subsidence in the po river delta italy |
| topic | InSAR GNSS integration monitoring system land subsidence Po River Delta |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5578 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT massimofabris anintegratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT mattiabattaglia anintegratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT xuechen anintegratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT andreamenin anintegratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT michelemonego anintegratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT mariofloris anintegratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT massimofabris integratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT mattiabattaglia integratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT xuechen integratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT andreamenin integratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT michelemonego integratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly AT mariofloris integratedinsarandgnssapproachtomonitorlandsubsidenceintheporiverdeltaitaly |