Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> in China
<i>Solidago canadensis</i> L., native to North America, has become a troublesome invasive plant worldwide due to its strong sexual reproductive capacity. Although there have been studies on some stages of sexual reproduction, there has been no systematic description of the process. In th...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/15/2073 |
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| author | Yu Zhang Fei Cao Sheng Qiang |
| author_facet | Yu Zhang Fei Cao Sheng Qiang |
| author_sort | Yu Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Solidago canadensis</i> L., native to North America, has become a troublesome invasive plant worldwide due to its strong sexual reproductive capacity. Although there have been studies on some stages of sexual reproduction, there has been no systematic description of the process. In this study, we observed capitulum development, the occurrence of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, and embryo development using a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there was a close relationship between the length of the capitulum bud and the stage in the reproductive process. Capitulum development appeared when the length of the capitate inflorescence was less than 1.73 ± 0.08 mm. The meiosis of microspores occurred when the length of the capitate inflorescence ranged from 2.20 ± 0.07 mm to 3.50 ± 0.10 mm, and mature pollen grains and embryo sacs formed when the length of the capitate inflorescence was greater than 5.15 ± 0.14 mm. Based on the available information, a reproductive calendar showing the key reproductive events from capitulum development to seed formation has been prepared. These processes may be related to its inherent temperature adaptation and non-synchronization of flowering, which may avoid embryo abortion during embryo development and consequently as a key step for its successful invasion in China. These results open up new horizons for effective prevention and control of spread in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:05:37Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:05:37Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-92cec5309cdf41848a4380420b4eff482023-12-01T23:06:38ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-08-011115207310.3390/plants11152073Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> in ChinaYu Zhang0Fei Cao1Sheng Qiang2Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaWeed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaWeed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China<i>Solidago canadensis</i> L., native to North America, has become a troublesome invasive plant worldwide due to its strong sexual reproductive capacity. Although there have been studies on some stages of sexual reproduction, there has been no systematic description of the process. In this study, we observed capitulum development, the occurrence of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, and embryo development using a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there was a close relationship between the length of the capitulum bud and the stage in the reproductive process. Capitulum development appeared when the length of the capitate inflorescence was less than 1.73 ± 0.08 mm. The meiosis of microspores occurred when the length of the capitate inflorescence ranged from 2.20 ± 0.07 mm to 3.50 ± 0.10 mm, and mature pollen grains and embryo sacs formed when the length of the capitate inflorescence was greater than 5.15 ± 0.14 mm. Based on the available information, a reproductive calendar showing the key reproductive events from capitulum development to seed formation has been prepared. These processes may be related to its inherent temperature adaptation and non-synchronization of flowering, which may avoid embryo abortion during embryo development and consequently as a key step for its successful invasion in China. These results open up new horizons for effective prevention and control of spread in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/15/2073<i>Solidago canadensis</i> L.invasive speciessexual reproductioncapitulum developmentmega and microsporogenesisfemale and male gametophytes |
| spellingShingle | Yu Zhang Fei Cao Sheng Qiang Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> in China Plants <i>Solidago canadensis</i> L. invasive species sexual reproduction capitulum development mega and microsporogenesis female and male gametophytes |
| title | Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> in China |
| title_full | Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> in China |
| title_fullStr | Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> in China |
| title_short | Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> in China |
| title_sort | capitulum development and gametophyte ontogeny histological insight into the reproductive process of a hexaploidy population of i solidago canadensis i in china |
| topic | <i>Solidago canadensis</i> L. invasive species sexual reproduction capitulum development mega and microsporogenesis female and male gametophytes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/15/2073 |
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