COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic
The outbreak of COVID-19 started in December 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world. It became clear that the development of an effective vaccine was the only way to stop the pandemic. It was the first time in the history of infectious diseases that the process of the development of a new vaccin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/9/1786 |
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| author | Aleksandra Anna Zasada Aniela Darlińska Aldona Wiatrzyk Katarzyna Woźnica Kamila Formińska Urszula Czajka Małgorzata Główka Klaudia Lis Paulina Górska |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Anna Zasada Aniela Darlińska Aldona Wiatrzyk Katarzyna Woźnica Kamila Formińska Urszula Czajka Małgorzata Główka Klaudia Lis Paulina Górska |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Anna Zasada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The outbreak of COVID-19 started in December 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world. It became clear that the development of an effective vaccine was the only way to stop the pandemic. It was the first time in the history of infectious diseases that the process of the development of a new vaccine was conducted on such a large scale and accelerated so rapidly. At the end of 2020, the first COVID-19 vaccines were approved for marketing. At the end of March 2023, over three years after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, 199 vaccines were in pre-clinical development and 183 in clinical development. The candidate vaccines in the clinical phase are based on the following platforms: protein subunit, DNA, RNA, non-replication viral vector, replicating viral vector, inactivated virus, virus-like particles, live attenuated virus, replicating viral vector combined with an antigen-presenting cell, non-replication viral vector combined with an antigen-presenting cell, and bacterial antigen-spore expression vector. Some of the new vaccine platforms have been approved for the first time for human application. This review presents COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the world, procedures for assurance of the quality and safety of the vaccines, the vaccinated population, as well as future perspectives for the new vaccine platforms in drug and therapy development for infectious and non-infectious diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:52:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-92e69a87fc9f4fa9b91bde1319e4cf88 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:52:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-92e69a87fc9f4fa9b91bde1319e4cf882023-11-19T13:21:38ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-08-01159178610.3390/v15091786COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 EpidemicAleksandra Anna Zasada0Aniela Darlińska1Aldona Wiatrzyk2Katarzyna Woźnica3Kamila Formińska4Urszula Czajka5Małgorzata Główka6Klaudia Lis7Paulina Górska8Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, PolandThe outbreak of COVID-19 started in December 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world. It became clear that the development of an effective vaccine was the only way to stop the pandemic. It was the first time in the history of infectious diseases that the process of the development of a new vaccine was conducted on such a large scale and accelerated so rapidly. At the end of 2020, the first COVID-19 vaccines were approved for marketing. At the end of March 2023, over three years after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, 199 vaccines were in pre-clinical development and 183 in clinical development. The candidate vaccines in the clinical phase are based on the following platforms: protein subunit, DNA, RNA, non-replication viral vector, replicating viral vector, inactivated virus, virus-like particles, live attenuated virus, replicating viral vector combined with an antigen-presenting cell, non-replication viral vector combined with an antigen-presenting cell, and bacterial antigen-spore expression vector. Some of the new vaccine platforms have been approved for the first time for human application. This review presents COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the world, procedures for assurance of the quality and safety of the vaccines, the vaccinated population, as well as future perspectives for the new vaccine platforms in drug and therapy development for infectious and non-infectious diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/9/1786COVID-19vaccinemRNA vaccinevector-based vaccineDNA vaccineVLP vaccine |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Anna Zasada Aniela Darlińska Aldona Wiatrzyk Katarzyna Woźnica Kamila Formińska Urszula Czajka Małgorzata Główka Klaudia Lis Paulina Górska COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic Viruses COVID-19 vaccine mRNA vaccine vector-based vaccine DNA vaccine VLP vaccine |
| title | COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic |
| title_full | COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic |
| title_fullStr | COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic |
| title_short | COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic |
| title_sort | covid 19 vaccines over three years after the outbreak of the covid 19 epidemic |
| topic | COVID-19 vaccine mRNA vaccine vector-based vaccine DNA vaccine VLP vaccine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/9/1786 |
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