The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
The existence of a prolonged, subclinical phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle was first recognized in the 1950s. Since then, the FMDV carrier state has been a subject of controversy amongst scientists and policymakers. A fundamental conundrum remains in the discordance b...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-02-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/167 |
| _version_ | 1811278880117358592 |
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| author | Carolina Stenfeldt Jonathan Arzt |
| author_facet | Carolina Stenfeldt Jonathan Arzt |
| author_sort | Carolina Stenfeldt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The existence of a prolonged, subclinical phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle was first recognized in the 1950s. Since then, the FMDV carrier state has been a subject of controversy amongst scientists and policymakers. A fundamental conundrum remains in the discordance between the detection of infectious FMDV in carriers and the apparent lack of contagiousness to in-contact animals. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the causal mechanisms of persistent FMDV infection, there are still critical knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to elucidate, predict, prevent, and model the risks associated with the carrier state. This is further complicated by the occurrence of a distinct form of neoteric subclinical infection, which is indistinguishable from the carrier state in field scenarios, but may have substantially different epidemiological properties. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and identifies specific areas of research in need of further attention. Findings from experimental investigations of FMDV pathogenesis are discussed in relation to experience gained from field studies of foot-and-mouth disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T00:43:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-93049496b54e4661ba1181a821ea35dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T00:43:28Z |
| publishDate | 2020-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-93049496b54e4661ba1181a821ea35dc2022-12-22T03:10:04ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172020-02-019316710.3390/pathogens9030167pathogens9030167The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease VirusCarolina Stenfeldt0Jonathan Arzt1Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USAForeign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USAThe existence of a prolonged, subclinical phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle was first recognized in the 1950s. Since then, the FMDV carrier state has been a subject of controversy amongst scientists and policymakers. A fundamental conundrum remains in the discordance between the detection of infectious FMDV in carriers and the apparent lack of contagiousness to in-contact animals. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the causal mechanisms of persistent FMDV infection, there are still critical knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to elucidate, predict, prevent, and model the risks associated with the carrier state. This is further complicated by the occurrence of a distinct form of neoteric subclinical infection, which is indistinguishable from the carrier state in field scenarios, but may have substantially different epidemiological properties. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and identifies specific areas of research in need of further attention. Findings from experimental investigations of FMDV pathogenesis are discussed in relation to experience gained from field studies of foot-and-mouth disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/167foot-and-mouth diseasefoot-and-mouth disease virusfmdfmdvviruscarrierpersistent infectiontransmissionpathogenesiscattle |
| spellingShingle | Carolina Stenfeldt Jonathan Arzt The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Pathogens foot-and-mouth disease foot-and-mouth disease virus fmd fmdv virus carrier persistent infection transmission pathogenesis cattle |
| title | The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus |
| title_full | The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus |
| title_fullStr | The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus |
| title_short | The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus |
| title_sort | carrier conundrum a review of recent advances and persistent gaps regarding the carrier state of foot and mouth disease virus |
| topic | foot-and-mouth disease foot-and-mouth disease virus fmd fmdv virus carrier persistent infection transmission pathogenesis cattle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/167 |
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